Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Earth Systems Exam 3
Internal Processes, Weathering and wasting, fluvial processes, glaciers, coastal
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Volcano Distribution | widespread, primarily with plate boundaries and hot spots |
| Shield Volcanoes | basaltic lava flows easily over surface, low-lying, built layer upon layer pyroclastic material, massive, very high, never steep |
| Composite Volcanoes | erupt explosively, symmetrical, steep-sided composite volcanoes or stratovolcanoes, layers of pyroclastic (ash and cinders) alternating with lava flows, pyroclastic make steep slopes, lava solidify all together |
| Lava Domes | aka plug domes, viscous lava, too thick to flow far, dome grows by expansion from below and within, small, can develop in craters of composite |
| Cinder Cones | smallest of peaks, magma chemistry varies, cone-shaped peaks built by unconsolidated pyrcolastics, size of particle determines steepness, commonly occurs with other volcanoes |
| Volcanic hazards | all materials ejected from a volcano- pyroclastic material |
| Batholiths | massive, deep-seated igneous rock formation (usually granite) that forms when magma cools and crystallizes underground |
| Volcanic Necks | solidified, cylindrical column of igneous rock formed when magma cools and hardens inside the central vent of an extinct volcano |
| Laccoliths | sheet-like, mushroom-shaped igneous intrusion (pluton) injected between sedimentary rock layers, forces overlying strata to dome upward |
| Sills | horizontal intrusion of igneous rock between older rock layers |
| Dikes | sheet-like tabular body of igneous rock that cuts vertically or steeply across existing rock layers |
| Veins | sheet-liked body of crystallized minerals formed within pre-existing rock fractures, faults, faults, or fissures |
| Monocline | one-sided fold |
| Anticline | symmetrical uphold |
| Syncline | downfold |
| Overturned fold | if upfold (anticline) is pushed greatly |
| Unfolded Anticlines | create ridges |
| Downloaded Syncline | form valleys |
| Tension Cracks | can quicken erosion |
| Compression | increase resistance |
| Faulting | when a rock structure is broken and one side is forcibly displaced relative to other - result from tension stress |
| Fault Scarps | steep cliffs represent edge of vertically displaced block most commonly associated with normal faulting |
| Reverse Faults | result from compression stress, one block slides up fault planeutithrust faults or overthrust faults related to reverse faults and compression forces upthrown block at a relatively low angle |
| Strike-Slip Faults | movement is horizontal, nearby blocks displaced laterally, result from shear stresses |
| Earthquake Risk | magnitude is a single value for the whole event, while shaking intensity changes from place to place |
| Earthquake Hazards | Ground shaking, most damage is a direct or indirect consequence of ground shaking, strength decreases with increasing distance from epicenter |
| Denudation | processes that wear down the landscape |
| Weathering | breaking down of rock into smaller pieces |
| Mass Wasting | involves relatively short-distanced downslope movement of broken rock material under the influence of gravity |
| Erosion | removal, transport, and deposition of fragmented rock material over wider areas and often greater distances |
| Microscopic Openings | very tiny spaces between crystals, pores between grains or minute fractures |
| Joints | cracks that result fro stress, rocks do not show noticeable displacement along breaks but are among most important of all in facilitating weathering |
| Faults | breaks in bedrock along which there has been forced displacement of the rock structure |
| Lava Vesicles | holes of various sizes that develop in cooling lava when gas is unable to escape as it solidifies |
| Solution Cavities | holes formed in carbonate rocks as soluble minerals are dissolved, carried away by percolating water |
| Frost Wedging | major agent of mechanical weathering, freeze-thaw action of water, as water freezes it expands, ice wedges down and splits rock, when ice melts the water falls farther into the larger opening |
| Salt Wedging | Saline solutions enter the cracks in a rock and evaporate, leaves behind salt crystals, crystals grow or when temps rise the accumulated salt crystals get heated |
| Exfoliation | curved layers peel off bedrock, when cracks develop parallel to the land surface, reduction in pressure takes place during uplift and erosion |
| Chemical Weathering | rusting- specifically oxidation |
| Mass Wasting | aka mass movement, weathered material is moved a short distance downslope by influence of gravity, any slope will have effects on gravity, the larger the object the more immediate and pronounced the effect |
| Fall | rockfall, falling pieces of rock downslope, talus pieces of unsorted angular rock accumulates at the base of steep slopes |
| Slide | landslide, any type of slope failure involving instantaneous collapse of a slope, movement along generally flat sliding plane, doesn't need fluid to flow |
| Slump | involves slope failure where rock or regolith moves downward, while it rotates outward along curved slide plane, landslide is faster than slump |
| Flow | when a slope becomes unstable as it absorbs water material flows downhill |
| Earthflow | during or immediately after heavy rain, common on hillsides that are not densely vegetated, rate of movement is usually so sluggish |
| Mudflow | originate in drainage basins when heavy rain follows a long dry spell, produces runoff too great to be absorbed by soil, more rapid than earth flow |
| Creep | slowest and least perceptible form is creepy or soil creep, gradual downhill movement of regolith, any activity that disturbs regolith on a sloping surface (plant root growth, animal walk) |
| Solifluction | restricted to high latitude, high altitude (cold) tundra landscapes above treelike, active layer of permafrost thaws in summer, soil water saturates in surface and sags downslope |
| Splash Erosion | collision of raindrops with the ground is strong enough to blast fine soil particles upward and outward |
| Sheet Erosion | water flows across the surface as a thin sheet, transporting material already loosened by splash erosion |
| Rill Erosion | overland flow gains in turbulence, sheet flow gets operated into tiny channels, or rills, this concentrated flow picks up more material and grooves the slope as rill erosion |
| Gully Erosion | coalesce into fewer, larger channels called gullies and lead to gully erosion, and then they get incorporated into drainage systems of a valley and change to streamflow |
| Straight | short and uncommon, where streams are confined by topography or follow geologic structures, generally mountain streams, deepest parts of channel (thalweg) usually wanders back and forth across the channel |
| Sinuous | more common than straight, winding curvatures that are gentle and irregular, a stream with a steep slope will likely be sinuous, law gradients have more sinuosity and begin to meander |
| Meandering | exhibit intricate pattern of smooth curves, follow serpentine course twisting and turning back on itself, occurs when land is flat and gradient is low, shift location continuously through erosion on outside of curves and deposition on inside of curves |
| Braided | multiple interwoven channels, separated by low bars or islands of sand, gravel, or other debris, when felt has heavy sediment load, near mountain fronts |
| Consequent Stream | follow initial slope of the land |
| Subsequent Stream | exploit zones of structural weakness |
| Antecedent Stream | predate geology activity was able to down cut and keep pact with the uplift |
| Superimposed Stream | initial structure controlling the drainage has been eroded, no resemblance to current surface structure |
| Dendritic Pattern | treelike, branching dendritic drainage pattern consists of random merging of streams, more common than all other patterns and found almost anywhere |
| Trellis Pattern | a response to underlying structural control: alternating bands of tilted hard and soft strata, parallel streams flow in valleys between ridges with short, right-angled connections cutting through ridges |
| Centripetal Patter | opposite of radial pattern, usually associated with streams converging into a basin |
| Annular Pattern | ring shaped, develops on domes or in a basin where erosion exposes concentric bands of tilted hard and soft rock |
| Floodplains | low-lying nearly flat alluvial valley floor that is periodically inundated with floodwaters |
| Bluffs | on outer edge of a floodplain, usually bounded by higher elevation slopes |
| Exampled of Floodplains | cutoff meanders, oxbow lake, meander scars, natural levees, backswams, kazoo streams |
| Glacier | a mass of ice (not snow anymore), moving or flowing |
| Continental Ice Sheets | glaciers at high latitudes |
| Mountain Glaciers | glaciers at high altitudes |
| Glacier Formation | snow crystalizes directly from water vapor, crystalline snow compressed by overlying snow into granular form, granular snow packs more closely, density increases into material called firn, glacial ice results with further compression |
| Accumulation Zone | upper portion of a glacier, ice gained > ice lost |
| Ablation Zone | lower portion of a glacier, ice gained < ice lost |
| Theoretical Equilibrium | separating the two zones, ice gained = ice lost |
| Internal Deformation | plastic flow of ice |
| Basal Slip | glacial movement that occurs at the bottom of the glacier, occurs as entire mass slides over its bed on a lubricating film of water |
| Reasons causing water to move | tidal fluctuations, tectonic events, long term variations in sea or lake levels caused bye tectonic or eustatic sea-level change in ocean basins volume, wind generates waves and ocean currents |
| Wave Motion | most important process to shape coast features, friction of wind blowing across water, transfers energy from wind to water, swells travel enormous distances away from source of disturbance |
| Wave Translation | when wave reaches shallow water it becomes a wave of translation with signification horizontal movement of surface water |
| Frictional Slow Waves | bunch together, wavelength decreases, wave high increases |
| Stream Outflow | streams are source of most sediment deposited on shorelines |
| Coastal Sediment Transport | nearly all transport of sediment along coastlines occurs by wave action and local currents, longshore currents beach drifting |
| Longshore Currents | affect coastal topography the most, water and sediment move roughly parallel to shoreline, reflects local wind direction, prominent transports of sand |
| Beach Drifting | short-distance shifting of sand directly onshore by breaking and retreating waves, zig zag movement of sediment with wave action, waves break onshore at an angle, sediment transported along coast downwind, strength, direction, duration of wind |
| Offshore | wave action rarely influences the bottom |
| Berm | flattish, wave deposited sediment platforms |
| Backshore | upper part |
| Nearshore | between the low tide mark and where the low tide breakers begin to form |
| Foreshore | between high and low tides |
Created by:
user-2034746