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Clin.Chem 2
vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chlelator | causing the joining of an ion (ex. metal) and a ring structured chemical. |
| Cofactor | a nonprotein molecule that may be necessary for enzyme activity. |
| Essential element | an element that is absolutely necessary for life. Deficinecy or absence of the element will cause a severe alteration of function and /or eventually lead to death. |
| Metalloenzyme | trace element associated with an enzyme as an essential component or cofactor. |
| Metalloprotein | trace element associated with a protein as an essential component or cofactor. |
| TIBC | Total iron-binding capacity. an estimate of serum trasferrin levels; obtained by measuring the toatl iron binding capability of a patient's serum. Since transferrin represents most of the iron-binding capacity of serum, TIBC is a good serun transfer. lvl |
| Trace element | an element that occurs in biological systems at concentrations of mg/kg amts. or less per million. Typically the daily req'mnt of such an element is a few milligrams/daily |
| Transferrin saturation | percent of transferrin molecules that have orion bound. A ration of serum iron (actual iron in the serumP and serum transferrin or TIBC(potential quantity of iron that can be found). Also percent saturation. |
| Ultratrace element | present in tissues at concentration of mg/kg amts. or less (parts per billion) and has extremely low daily req'mnts (usuall _1 mg). |
| Drug absorption | uptake of a drug in the gastrointestinal tract ino the body. |
| Drug disposition | the way in which the body handles a foreign compopund, the drug. The mechanisms used by the body to handle a drug can be explained in terms of four general processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. |
| Drug distribution | the circulation and diffusion of a drug into the interstitial and intracellular spaces. |
| Drug elimination | clearance of a drug from the body by a variety of mechanisms. |
| peak drug level | the time after administration until a drug reaches peak concnetration in the body. A rule of thumb suggests that , for peak drug levels, the specimen should be collected 1 hour after the dose is administered. |
| Pharmacokinetics | characterization, mathematically of the disposition of a drug over time in order to better understand and interpret blood levels and to effectively adhust dosage and amount and interval for best therapeutic results with minimal toxic effects. |
| Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) | the determination of serum drug levels in order to produce a desirable effect. |
| Trough drug level | the lowest concentration of drug obtained in the blood. Trough levels should be drawn immediately before the next dose. |
| dose-response relationship | comparision of the dose of a substance (i.e., drug or chemical) with its potential pathologic effects. Dose-response relationship implies that there will be an increase in toxic response with an increased dose. |
| drugs of abuse | drugs used illegally or inappropriately; many drugs have the potential for abuse. |
| poison | any substance tha causes a harmful effect upon exposure. |
| TD50 | dose of a drug that would be predicted to produce a toxic response in 50% of the population. |
| Toxicology | the study of poisons, their detection, and the treatment of the conditions produc ed by them. |
| CHELATOR | causing the joining of an ion (ie-metal) and a ring structured chemical. |
| COFACTOR | a nonprotein molecule that may be necessary for enzyme activity. |
| ESSENTIAL ELEMENT | an elememt that is absolutely necessary for life. Deficiency or absence of the element will cause a severe alteration of function and/or eventually lead to death. |
| METALLOENZYME | trace element associated with a protein as an essential component or cofactor. |
| TOTAL IRON-BINDING CAPACITY (TIBC) | an estimate of serum transferrin levels; obtained by measuring the total iron binding capability of a patient's serum. Since transferrin represents most of the iron-binding capacity of serum, TIBC is generally a good estimate of serum transferrin lvls. |
| TRACE ELEMENT | an element that occurs in biological systems at concentration of mg/kg amts. or less (parts per million). |
| TRANSFERRIN SATURATION | percent of transferrin molecules that have iron bound. A ratio of serum iron (actual iron in the serum) and serum transferrin or TIBC (potential quantity of iron that can be bound). Also percent saturation. |
| ULTRATRACE ELEMENT | present in tissues at concentrations of mg/kg amts. or less (parts per billion) and has extremely low daily req'mnts (usually 1mg). |
| DRUG ABSORPTION | uptake of a drug in the gastrointestinal tract into the body. |
| DRUG DISPOSITION | the way in which the body handles a foreign compound, the drug. The mechanisms used by the body to handle a drug can be explained in terms of 4 general processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. |
| DRUG DISTRIBUTION | the circulation and diffusion of a drug into the interstitial and intercellular spaces. |
| DRUG ELIMINATION | clearance of a drug from the body by a variety of mechanisms. |
| PEAK DRUG LEVEL | the time after administration until a drug reaches peak concentration in the body. peak drug lvl specimens should be collected 1 hr after the dose is administered. |
| PHARMACOKINETICS | characterization, mathematically of the disposition of a drug over time in order to better understand and interpret blood levels and to effectively adjust dosage amt. and interval for best therapeutic results with minimal toxic effects. |
| THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING (TDM) | the determination of serum drug lvls. in order to produce a desirable effect. |
| THERAPEUTIC RANGE | concentration range of a drug that is beneficial to the patient w/out being toxic. |
| TROUGH DRUG LEVEL | the lowest concnetration fo drug obtained in the blood. Trough lvls. should be drawn immediately before the next dose. |
| DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP | Comparison of the dose of a substance with its potential pathologic effects. Dose response relationship implies that there will be an increase in toxic response with an increased dose. |
| Bisphosphonates | class of medications to treat osteoporosis. |
| Bone turnover | coupled process that takes place throughout life in bone with bone formation and bone resorption. |
| Cortical bone | type of bone that is very strong in the axial and cross-sectional dimensions, very well suited to the needs of the long bones. |
| Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) | x-ray procedure that measures bone mineral density by measuring grams of calcium per square centimeter of cross-sectional area of bone (g/cm2). |
| Hypercalcemia | elevated levels of calcium in the blood. |
| Hypocalcemia | decreased levels of calcium. |
| Lithium | an element of the alkali metal group, atomic no. 3, atomic weight 6.941. Many salts have clinical applications. |
| Osteoblast | cells that build bone when triggered by the appropriate hormonal signals. |
| Osteoclast | cells that causes reabsorption of bone when triggered by the appropriate hormonal signals. |
| Osteomalacia | condition resulting from a deficiency of vitamin D. Deficiency of vitamin D causes bones to be soft and brittle. It is the adult form of rickets. |
| Osteoporosis | a disease involving the gradual loss of bone mass resulting in a less dense and weak skeleton. |
| Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) | a hormone that can be produced by tumors, especially of the squamous cell type; massive overproduction can lead to hypercalcemia and other manifestations of hyperparathyroidism. |
| Rickets | the classic vitamin D deficiency disease of children. Itmay be nutritional or metabolic in origin. |
| Trabecular bone | bone in which the spicules or trabeculae form a three-dimensional latticework (cancellus), with the interstices filled with embryonal connective tissue or bone marrow. |
| Vitamin D | steroid vitamin which promotes the intestinal absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | hormone synthesized as a prohormone containing 115 amino acids. The active form of the hormone contains 84 amino acids and is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands. |
| Drugs of abuse | drugs used illegally or inappropriately; many drugs have the potential for abuse. |
| Poison | any substance that causes a harmful effect upon exposure. |
| TD50 | dose of a drug that would be predicted to produce a toxic response in 50% of the population. |
| Toxicology | the study of poisons, their actions, their detection, and the treatment of the conditions produced by them. |
Created by:
nizhoni
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