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WorldPolitics_QFinal
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| War is both a violent conflict between groups, and a way in which groups become connected with one another | Paradox of war |
| organized violence between political entities, including both states and non-state actors. conduct their relations with one another through violence | War |
| any kind of group capable of waging war | Political Entity |
| society shapes war, and war shapes society a broad approach in studying war | war and society |
| a plan to make war serve a political purpose the use of the engagement for the object of war | Strategy |
| techniques that armed forces use to win battles | Tactics |
| Refers to nation-states, the main ‘units’ of the international system | National |
| refers to the relation among sovereign nation-states | International |
| Civil War & International War | Two types of war: |
| - within a state - happens when internal groups battle over - control of a sovereign state, or when a group or groups within a - state want to secede and form their own state. | Civil War |
| between two or more states | International war between two or more states |
| arose out of the interaction of peoples and places. brought together police, intelligence and military forces within and across countries, to share information and conduct information | Global War On Terror |
| principal philosopher of war prussian officer in the french revolutionary wars and the napoleonic war | Carl von Clausewitz |
| Primary: (Passion, Chance, Reason) | Clausewitz’s 2 Trinities |
| the motives for fighting and in the enmities that inspire and sustain killing in the war | Passion |
| anything can happen | Chance |
| the notion of strategy, political leaders and military staffs seek to achieve objectives through war | Reason |
| Secondary: (Political leadership, Armed forces, The people) | Clausewitz’s 2 Trinities |
| REASON; political authorities who decide on the war and set ultimate | Political leadership |
| CHANCE; who have to test their abilities against the trials and fortunes of war | Armed forces |
| PASSION; to the generals and other military leaders who have to translate these aims to reality | The people |
| Limited war, Total war, Real war, True war | Clausewitz's Types of Wars |
| fought for a lesser goal than political existence | Limited war |
| when a state or other political entity is fighting for its existence | Total war |
| wars that historically happened, were always limited by certain factors | Real war |
| the inherent tendency to escalate war | True war |
| limiting force everything that can go wrong, will go wrong | Friction |
| guiding intelligence and war only the instrument, not vice versa. | Policy |
| both limit and fuel the violence of war | (Under Policy) Political purpose |
| 1. The emergence of infantry armies and advances in military technology 2. Invention of gunpowder, and of effective cannon and muskets | Two military development changed feudalism: |
| emerged as a form of political organization, in which a national people live on the sovereign territory of their national state | Nation-state |
| mass conscription the idea was that male citizens had an obligation to serve the nation in exchange for their increased say in public affairs | levée en masse |
| gave political leaders a new tool to stir the passion of their population, to encourage them to support the war effort | Nationalism |
| - industrialization - fossil fuels - modern methods of mass production - steam powered ships - railways | Total wars became possible through: (5) |
| the collapse of life on the planet the threat of the cold war | Nuclear winter |
| a cold war between ideologically hostile blocs each side had to have nuclear weapons to keep the other side from using them or threatening to use them | Nuclear deterrence |
| an important basis for political power, and the typed of military technology available shape politics | Armed force |
| a higher standard for considering a war a world was is whether or not a war has led to a new world order | World war |
| meant that armed forces had a very different relationship to state and society in the global south than in the west | Imperial legacy |
| meant imperial wars in the non-european world | State - building in europe |
| concerned with internal security and used armies and security forces from colonized populations | Empires |
| status granted to forced migrants who cross borders seeking international protection in the event of political persecution. | Refugee |
| Types of migration: | 1. Voluntary Migration 2. Forced Migration |
| implies a voluntary decision that is usually based on economic calculations — the subject seeking better opportunities abroad | Voluntary Migration |
| also known as displacement, implies the subject’s involuntary response to exiting political, environmental and violence - related threats | Forced Migration |
| Defined as migratory movement in which an element of coercion exist, including threats to life and livelihood, whether arising from natural or man-made causes policy makers classify forced migrants according to: | Forced Migration |
| Forced Migration whether arising from natural or man-made causes policy makers classify forced migrants according to: | Geographical boundaries causes of displacement |
| individuals who cross international borders seeking protection but whose claim for refugee status is still pending | Asylum Seekers |
| states may relocate people to countries where they are safe, and states are willing to accept them | Safe third countries |
| states have the obligation not to forcibly return asylum seekers to the countries where they are facing persecution | Right to non-refoulment |
| groups of persons who are outside their country or territory of origin and who face protection risks like those of refugees, but for whom refugee status has, for practical or other reasons, not been ascertained | People in refugee-like situations |
| Person or people who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or place of habitual residence, | Internally displaced persons (IDP) |
| in particular as a result of, or in order to avoid, the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violation of human rights or natural or human made disasters and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border. | Internally displaced persons (IDP) |
| means that no one seeking asylum can be returned to a country where they suffer from persecution and face serious harm | Non-devolution principle |
| people who have been denied asylum and need humanitarian assistance | Groups or people of concern |
| 1. Conflict Induced 2. Environmental or natural disaster-induced 3. Development Induced 4. Human Trafficking | Four types of forced migration: |
| the most studied in International Relations, since its displacement caused by international or civic war, or other political or social process that lead to persecution under the categories protected by the 1951 Convention | Conflict Induced |
| includes the forced mobility of people affected by natural or human-made disasters related to climate change, environmental degredation, and other natural forces such as hurricanes, floods, earthquakes and droughts | Environmental or natural disaster-induced |
| forced mobility is a result of land and territory becoming contested spaces, leading to people being evicted, losing their property, jobs, shelter and even their sense of community | Development Induced |
| evident in the transfer and use of force for exploitation purposes, victims are not simply displaced and may claim asylum because they belong to a particular social group and face persecution for this reason. | Human Trafficking |
| refers to the flux of voluntarry and involuntary migrants who take the same routes to the same destination | Mixed Migration |
| established in the early twentieth century by the League of Nation, which founded the High Commission for Refugees, the first organization designed to address displacement, caused at that time by the Russia Revolution | Refugee Regime |
| German social and political thinker from the turn of the twentieth century, captured the centrality of war-making to the nation-state. | Max Weber |
| when the intl community witnessed the fall of Ottoman and Habsburg empires, the 1st WW and Armenian Genocide the incipient refugee regime was led by practical interests such as attracting professional refugees, including medical doctors and scientists | First Phase |
| marked by the political interests of the west | Second Phase |
| marked by the proliferation of countries producing refugees in the Third World | Third Phase |
| corresponds to the current post 9/11 era. Marked by the threat of terrorrism and criminal violence, as well as the intensification of climate change. | Fourth Phase |
| a multilateral agreement to eliminate war as an instrument of national policy. It gave room for interpretation, which was why it failed to establish a means of enforcement, hence its ineffectiveness.) | Kellog-Briand Pact |
| Russia, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, US, France, & Britain | Foreign states (directly/indirectly): |
| Hezbollah (political party/armed group in Lebanon); Kurds; Islamic State | Non-state actors: |
| leader of Al Qaeda, attacked the US on Sept 11 2001. | Osama Bin Laden: |
| West, mainly the US. Was targeted using complex plots | ‘Far Enemy’ |
| apostate (traitorous/heretical) governments in Muslim lands. Was targeted using local Islamist resistance movements (channeling funds, weapons, expertise) | ‘Near Enemy’ |
| was supposed to be a blow that would cause the US to withdraw from Muslim countries | 9/11 and other jihadi insurgencies |
| began as an Al Qaeda affiliate in Iraq but ended up as an alternate model of global mobilization via social media | ISIS (Islamic State) |
| Control of force provides basis for political power ■ Political power fragmented when knightly cavalry dominated the battlefield ● Under a lord and with a fortified place, knights could hold off central authorities and dominate local area | Feudal battle: |
| Nation as Imagination | Benedict Anderson |
| important dimension of state-building in the West Began with Spanish conquest of the Americas European sovereigns fought over colonies and trade routes | Imperial expansion |
| Campaigns: North America, Europe, South Asia, Philippines ● War of Austrian Succession (1740–8) ● Fighting: Europe, North America, South Asia ■ These are all wars, but only twentieth-century wars were called “world wars” | Seven Years’ War (1755–64) |
| United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | UNHCR |
| Cause (persecution): | race/ethnicity, nationality, religion, political opinion, belonging to a specific social group |
| idea of asylum as the right of governed Foucault believed the right to asylum was essential for resisting oppression | Michel Foucault |
| Post–cold war paradigm that relies on policy and law enforcement strategies. ○ Designed to prevent refugees from reaching safe haven in rich countries by land, sea, or air. | Deterrence model |
| Article 13 of freedom of movement and Article 14 on the human right to asylum | United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
| Policy-makers classify forced migrants according to: | (1) Geographical boundaries (2) Causes of displacement |
| Some countries allow refugees to become citizens | (New Zealand, Canada, Australia) |
| Groups of persons who are outside of their country of origin and face protection risks, but refugee status has not been ascertained ● Includes stateless persons, people who have been denied protection in their own country ● Ex: Rohingya in Myanmar | People in Refugee-like Situations |
| Established in the early 20th century by the League of Nations; founded by the High Commission for Refugees | “Refugee Regime” |
Created by:
Mayel