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APUSH Final Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Columbian Exchange: 1492 | the massive, post 1492 transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology & diseases between the New World (Americas) and the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) - caused catastrophic collapse of Indigenous populations |
| Encomienda System: 1502-1720 | Spanish colonial labor system where conquistadors were granted authority over indigenous villages, allowing them to exact tribute in exchange for protecting and christening them, - brutal form of slavery |
| Jamestown: 1607 | the first permanent English settlement in North America, initial foothold for English colonization establishing the first tobacco cash-crop economy, creating house of Burgesses, often initiating violence w/ Native Americans |
| Plymouth: 1620 | established by Pilgrims seeking religious freedom, was an early successful English settlement in Massachusetts, producing the Mayflower Compact, a document for self-government in America , religious self sufficient communities |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony: 1629 | established by John Winthrop, it was a large New England settlement founded for religious freedom and economic opportunity, pioneering the "city upon a hill" mentality, strict, self governing theocracy |
| Rhode Island:1636 | a New England colony founded by Roger Williams, a dissenter banished from Massachusetts Bay for opposing its strict Puritan government, established complete religious freedom, separation of church and state, save haven for dissenters |
| Pequot War: 1636-1638 | brutal conflict between New England English settlers and the Pequot tribe over trade control and land in Connecticut, English victory eliminated the Pequot tribe, and secured Puritan dominance in the region |
| King Philip's War: 1675-1676 | a brutal, armed conflict between New England colonists and a confederation of Native American tribes led by Wampanoag chief Metacom, it was caused by English expansion - end of Native resistance b/c it was so devestating |
| Pueblo Revolt: 1680 | successful revolt against the encomienda System where Pueblo Indians in New Mexico drove Spanish colonizers out of the region for 12 years, only and most successful Native victory against Spanish colonizers in North America |
| Bacon's Rebellion: 1676 | an armed uprising in Virginia against Governor William Berkely, driven by poor farmers and former indentured servants angry over not being protected from Native American attacks, high taxes, and falling tobacco prices, quickened switch to African labor |
| Navigation Acts: 1651 | British laws requiring American colonies w/ England using English ships, enforcing mercantilism to boost British wealth, they restricted colonial trade, sparked resentment against British economic control, contributed to the American Revolution |
| Salutary Neglect: 1607-1763 | the unofficial British policy of loosely enforcing trade regulations and allowing American colonies to self-govern, aimed at boosting economic output |
| Dominion of New England: 1686-1689 | a centralized administrative union imposed by King James II, combining New England colonies under governor Endmund Andros- first major attempt at centralization, catalyst for colonial resistance, temporary end of salutary engelect |
| Leisler's Rebellion: 1689-1691 | New York uprising where German merchant, Jacob Leisler, seized control, replacing the established elite with a populist government after King James II was overthrown - early example of colonial resistance to British authority |
| Great Awakening: 1730s-1740s | a massive wave of emotional Protestant religious revivals across the American colonies, challenging traditional church authority and emphasizing personal salvation - George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards -"Old Lights" and "New Lights" - unified colonists |
| John Peter Zenger Case: 1735 | colonial New York trial where a jury acquitted the newspaper publisher of seditious libel for criticizing Governor William Cosby - establishing precedent that truth is a defense against libel - laying foundation of freedom of the press in America |
| Stono Rebellion: 1739 | the largest slave revolt in the British mainland colonies, occurring in South Carolina about 20 enslaved people seized weapons, killing white settlers- marched toward Spanish Florida seeking freedom - prompted the Negro Act of 1740 |
| The Enlightenment : 18th Century | an intellectual, philosophical movement emphasizing reason, science, and individualism over tradition and religious dogma - providing intellectual framework for the American Revolution, challenging monarchy and justifying the concept of natural rights |
| Lexington and Concord: 1775 | the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War - start of war, "shot heard round the world", colonial mobilization, and end of salutary neglect |
| Valley Forge Winter: 1777-1778 | 6 month encampment of George Washington's Continental army during the Revolutionary War - faced harsh conditions which was a critical test of American commitment |
| Peace of Paris 1763: 1763 | ended the French and Indian war (Seven Years' War) - forcing France to cede nearly all North American territory to Great Britain, including Canada & lands east of the Mississippi - end of salutary neglect, proclamation line of 1763 |
| Treaty of Paris: 1783 | the formal peace agreement between the U.S and Great Britain that ended the American Revolutionary War - American Sovereignty, territorial acquisition, diplomatic success, and end of the first British Empire |
| Albany Plan of Union: 1754 | Benjamin Franklin's proposal to create a unified central government for the Thirteen Colonies - first attempt at unity, precedent for revolution, "Join or Die", the colonies rejected it |
| Declaration of Independence: 1776 | announcing the Thirteen colonies' severance of British rule - formal separation, Enlightenment influence, allowed colonies to formally seek and secure a military alliance w/ France against Britain, inspiration for equality |
| Common Sense, Thomas Paine: 1776 | advocated for American independence from British rule - shifted from American Public's mindset from seeking reform to demanding independence from Great Britain |
| Stamp Act: 1765 | parliament's first direct, internal tax on American colonists |
| Stamp Act Congress: 1765 | a meeting in New York City where representatives of 9 colonies met in response to the Stamp Act - they issued the "Declaration of Rights and Grievances" |
| Declaratory Act: 1766 | passed following repeal of stamp act |
| Townshend Acts: 1767 | Series of British Parliamentary measures that imposed duties on colonial imports and created strict enforcement mechanisms to raise revenue and assert authority over American colonies -promoting widespread resistance like Boston Massacre and American Rev. |
| Boston Massacre: 1770 | British soldiers fired into an unruly Boston crowd, killing five colonists-'First bloodshed" of the Revolution, turning public opinion against British tyranny, catalyzing inter-colonial communication via Committees of Correspondence |
| Jefferson Presidency: | March 1801-March 1809 |
| Madison's Presidency: | March 1809-March 1817 |
| Monroe's Presidency: | March 1817-March 1825 |
| Lewis and Clark Expedition date: | 1804-1806 |
| Invention of Cotton Gin Date: | 1793 |
| Erie Canal Date: | 1825 |
| J.Q. Adams Presidency: | March 1825-March 1829 |
| Jackson Presidency: | March 1829-March 1837 |
| Marbury vs Madison: 1803 | Chief Justice John Marshall established judicial review, affirming the Supreme Court's power to declare federal laws unconstitutional - strengthening the judiciary as a co-equal branch of government |
| The Revolution of 1800:1800 | the presidential election where Thomas Jefferson (democratic-republican) defeated John Adams (Federalist) - marked the first peaceful transfer of power between opposing political parties |
| Judiciary Act of 1801: 1801 | a last-minute partisan law passed by the outgoing Federalist Congress to secure control of the judiciary before Jefferson's inauguration |
| Louisiana Purchase: 1803 | $15 Million deal where the U.S. acquired 828,000 square miles from France, doubling the nation's size - secured Mississippi River |
| Embargo Act: 1807 | Jefferson's nonviolent response to British and French violations of U.S. neutrality, forbidding all American exports to foreign ports |
| Chesapeake Leopard: 1807 | a naval confrontation where the British warship HMS Leopard attacked and boarded the unprepared U.S. Chesapeake off Virginia - intensified anti-British sentiment, fueled "war-fever" and directly led to Embargo act & contributed to War of 1812 |
| Second Bank of the U.S.: 1816 | a national bank aimed at stabilizing the post-War of 1812 economy, regulating currency, and financing westward expansion |
| Essex Junto: 1778-1814 | powerful faction of New England federalists, who opposed Jeffersonian democracy and the War of 1812, advocating for states' rights |
| Hartford Convention: 1814-1815 | a secret meeting of New England Federalists in Connecticut who opposed the War of 1812 - aimed to address regional grievances & states' rights |
| War of 1812: 1812-1815 | conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by maritime violations (trade restrictions, impressment) and British support of Native attacks - ending w/ Treaty of Ghent - boosted American Nationalism |
| Tecumseh: 1768-1813 | Shawnee leader who organized a pan-indian confederacy to resist American expansion in the Old Northwest |
| Battle of New Orleans: 1815 | a decisive American victory during the War of 1812, led by Andrew Jackson against a superior British force- pushed Jackson to victory and fame |
| Treaty of Ghent: 1814 | ended the war of 1812, restoring the status quo ante bellum( pre-war boundaries and conditions) |
| Missouri Compromise: 1820 | a legislative deal designed by Henry Clay to manage the balance of power between slave and free-states - admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state- prohibited slavery in the Louisiana territory north of the 36-30 parallel |
| Adams Onis Treaty: 1819 | Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and surrendered claims to the Pacific Northwest, while the U.S. recognized Spanish Sovereignty over Texas and paid $5 million in settler claims |
| Clay's American System: 1824 | 3 pronged post-War of 1812 economic plan (1820s), designed to faster national self-sufficiency through protective tariffs, a national bank, and federally funded infrastructure |
| Monroe Doctrine: 1823 | declared the Western hemisphere closed to further European colonization, pledging that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs while viewing any new colonization in the Americas as a hostile act |
| Market Revolution: 1800-1860 | a fundamental economic shift from subsistence farming and local barter to a national, commercialized economy based on wage labor and mass production |
| Era of Good Feelings: 1815-1825 | a period of intense nationalism, economic growth, and one-party rule under the democratic-republicans following the War of 1812 |
| Election of 1824 "The Corrupt Bargain": 1824 | John Quincy Adams won the presidency over Andrew Jackson despite Jackson winning more popular and electrical votes - Adams then named Henry Clay as secretary of state - Jacksonians deemed this as scandal |
| Tariff Of Abominations: 1828 | tariff passed by Congress to protect Northern industries by taxing imported goods, which backfired and caused severe economic damage to the agricultural south |
| Nullification Crisis: 1832-1833 | South Carolina led by John C. Calhoun, attempted to nullify federal tariffs- deemed unconstitutional and injurious to Southern agriculture |
| Indian Removal Act: 1830 | Authorized President Andrew Jackson to exchange Native American lands in the southeast for territory west of the Mississippi River, aiming to open land for white settlement and slavery expansion - resulting in Trail of Tears |
| Trail of Tears: 1838-1839 | U.S. forced relocation of over 100,000 Indigenous people from the South-Eastern U.S. to designated Indian territory- roughly 15,000 died |
| The Bank War: 1832-1836 | Andrew Jackson's political struggle against the Second Bank of the U.S., which he viewed as an unconstitutional "monstrous" monopoly, favoring elite investors over "common" farmers/laborers |
| Worcester vs. Georgia: 1832 | Supreme court case ruling that the Cherokee Nation was a distinct sovereign community, meaning Georgia laws had no force on their land - declared Georgia's attempt to regulate Cherokee territory unconstitutional |
| Cherokee Nation vs Georgia: 1831 | court ruled it lacked jurisdiction to stop Georgia from enforcing laws stripping Cherokee rights |
| Whig Party: 1834-1854 | formed to oppose "King Andrew" Jackson's expansion of executive power - championed federal economic development, industrialization, and internal improvements |
| Tyler Presidency: | April 1841-March 1845 |
| Polk Presidency: | March 1845-March 1849 |
| Taylor Presidency: | March 1849-July 1850 |
| Filmore Presidency: | July 1850-March 1853 |
| Pierce Presidency: | March 1853-March 1857 |
| Buchanan Presidency: | March 1857-March 1861 |
| Sojourner Truth "Ain't I a Woman" date: | 1851 |
Created by:
karissa.p