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Ecology
Many and many
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Autotroph | An organism that makes its own food |
| Heterotroph | An organism that must consume others for food |
| Organism | An individual living thing. |
| Habitat | The specific environment where an organism lives. |
| Biotic factor | A living part of an ecosystem |
| Abiotic factor | A non-living part of an ecosystem |
| Species | A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. |
| Population | A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. |
| Community | All the different populations that live together in an area. |
| Ecosystem | All the living organisms in a place, plus their non-living environment |
| Ecology | The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment. |
| Immigration | Moving into a population. |
| Emigration | Moving out of a population. |
| Population density | The number of individuals in a specific area |
| Limiting factor | An environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing |
| Carrying capacity: | The largest population size an environment can support. |
| Natural selection: | The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. |
| Adaptation: | A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce. |
| Niche | An organism’s particular role in its habitat |
| Competition | The struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resources. |
| Predation | An interaction where one organism (predator) kills another (prey) for food. |
| Mutualism | A relationship where both species benefit. |
| Commensalism | A relationship where one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed |
| Parasitism | A relationship where one organism lives on or inside another and harms it |
| Parasite | The organism that benefits in parasitism. |
| Host | The organism that is harmed in parasitism. |
| Succession | The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time. |
| Primary succession: | Succession that occurs in an area where no soil or organisms exist |
| Pioneer species: | The first species to populate an area during succession |
| Secondary succession: | Succession that occurs in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but soil still exists |
| Producer | An organism that makes its own food, typically through photosynthesis |
| Consumer | An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms. |
| Herbivore | A consumer that eats only plants. |
| Carnivore | A consumer that eats only other animals. |
| Omnivore | A consumer that eats both plants and animals. |
| Scavenger | A carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms |
| Decomposer | An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms, returning nutrients to the soil. |
| Food chain: | A single series of events in which one organism eats another to obtain energy. |
| Food web: | A complex network of many interconnected food chains in an ecosystem. |
| Energy pyramid: | A diagram showing the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another. |
| Nitrogen fixation: | The process of changing free nitrogen gas into a usable form for plants. |
| Biome | A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms. |
| Climate | The typical weather pattern in an area over a long period of time. |
| Desert | A biome characterized by very little rainfall and extreme temperatures. |
| Rain forest: | A forest biome with high rainfall; can be tropical (warm) or temperate (cool). |
| Emergent layer: | The tallest layer of the rain forest that receives the most sunlight. |
| Canopy | A leafy roof formed by tall trees in a rain forest |
| Understory | A layer of shorter trees and vines that grows in the shade of a forest canopy. |
| Grassland | An area populated mostly by grasses and other non-woody plants. |
| Savanna | A tropical grassland with scattered trees and shrubs. |
| Deciduous tree: | A tree that sheds its leaves and grows new ones each year. |
| Boreal forest: | A dense forest of evergreens located in the upper regions of the Northern Hemisphere; also called taiga. |
| Coniferous tree: | A tree that produces its seeds in cones and has needle-like leaves. |
| Tundra | An extremely cold, dry biome. |
| Permafrost: | Soil that is frozen all year round, common in the tundra. |
| Estuary | A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean. |
| Intertidal zone: | The area between the highest high-tide line and the lowest low-tide line. |
| Neritic zone: | The shallow region of the ocean overlying the continental shelf. |
| Biogeography | The study of where organisms live and how they got there |
| Continental drift: | The very slow movement of the continents across Earth's surface. |
| Dispersal | The movement of organisms from one place to another. |
| Exotic species: | Species that are carried to a new location by people; also known as invasive or non-native species. |
| Point source: | A specific, identifiable source of pollution, such as a pipe or a smokestack. |
| Nonpoint source: | A widely spread source of pollution that is difficult to link to a specific point of origin. |
| Biodegradable: | Capable of being broken down by bacteria and other decomposers. |
| Natural resource: | Anything naturally occurring in the environment that humans use. |
| Soil conservation: | The management of soil to prevent its destruction or loss. |
| Crop rotation: | The practice of planting different crops in a field each year to maintain soil fertility. |
| Contour plowing: | Plowing fields along the curves of a slope to prevent soil from washing away. |
| Conservation plowing: | Soil management that leaves the remains of the previous year's crops in the ground to help retain moisture and hold soil in place. |
| Biodiversity | The total number of different species in an area. |
| Keystone species: | A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem. |
| Endangered species: | A species in danger of becoming extinct in the near future. |
| Threatened species: | A species that could become endangered in the near future. |
| Extinction | The disappearance of all members of a species from Earth. |
| Habitat destruction: | The loss of a natural habitat. |
| Habitat fragmentation: | The breaking of larger habitats into smaller, isolated pieces |
| Poaching | Illegal killing or removal of wildlife from their habitats. |
| Captive breeding: | The mating of animals in zoos or wildlife preserves to protect the species from extinction. |
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