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4th chem vocab test
study stack for 4th chemistry vocabulary test (4th 9 weeks)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| radioisotopes | isotopes of atoms with unstable nuclei |
| x-rays | a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation (similar to gamma rays) |
| penetrating power | the ability of radiation to pass through matter |
| transmutation | a reaction in which an atom’s atomic number is altered |
| nucleons | the protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus |
| strong nuclear force | acts on subatomic particles that are extremely close together and overcomes the electrostatic repulsion among protons, the reason all nucleons remain bound in the dense nucleus |
| band of stability | the area within which all stable nuclei are found |
| positron emission | a radioactive decay process that involves the emission of a positron from a nucleus |
| positron | a particle with the same mass as an electron but opposite charge |
| electron capture | occurs when the nucleus of an atom draws in a surrounding electron, typically one from the lowest energy level |
| radioactive decay series | a series of nuclear reactions that begins with an unstable nucleus and results in the formation of a stable nucleus |
| half-life | the time required for one-half of a radioisotope’s nuclei to decay into its products |
| radiochemical dating | the process of determining the age of an object by measuring the amount of a certain radioisotope remaining in that object |
| induced transmutation | an induced nuclear reaction in which the process involves striking nuclei with high-velocity particles |
| transuranium elements | the elements immediately following uranium in the periodic table (elements with atomic numbers 93 and greater) |
| mass defect | the observed difference in mass between a nucleus and its component nucleons |
| nuclear fission | the splitting of a nucleus into fragments |
| critical mass | critical mass is present when a sample is massive enough to sustain chain reaction |
| breeder reactors | reactors able to produce more fuel than they use |
| nuclear fusion | the combining of atomic nuclei |
| thermonuclear reactions | nuclear fusion processes in which light atomic nuclei combine at extremely high temperatures to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a large amount of energy, also known as fusion reactions |
| ionizing radiation | radiation energetic enough to ionize matter it contacts |
| radiotracer | a radioisotope that emits non-ionizing radiation and is used to signal the presence of an element or specific substance |
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