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bio137 final

QuestionAnswer
Anatomy Study of body structures and organization
Physiology Study of body functions
Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Stimulus Change in the internal or external environment
Receptor Detects changes in the environment
Control center Processes information and determines response
Effector Carries out the response
Negative feedback Reverses a change to maintain stability
Positive feedback Amplifies or increases a change
Metabolism All chemical reactions in the body
Anatomical position Standing upright facing forward with palms forward
Superior Toward the head
Inferior Toward the feet
Anterior Toward the front of the body
Posterior Toward the back of the body
Medial Toward the midline
Lateral Away from the midline
Proximal Closer to the point of attachment
Distal Farther from the point of attachment
Sagittal plane Divides body into right and left portions
Frontal plane Divides body into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse plane Divides body into superior and inferior portions
Dorsal cavity Contains brain and spinal cord
Cranial cavity Contains brain
Vertebral cavity Contains spinal cord
Thoracic cavity Contains heart and lungs
Abdominal cavity Contains digestive organs
Pelvic cavity Contains bladder reproductive organs and rectum
Diaphragm Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
Atom Smallest unit of an element
Element Pure substance made of one type of atom
Ion Charged atom
Isotope Atom with different number of neutrons
Proton Positively charged particle
Neutron Neutral particle
Electron Negatively charged particle
Ionic bond Bond formed by transfer of electrons
Covalent bond Bond formed by sharing electrons
Hydrogen bond Weak attraction between molecules
pH Measure of hydrogen ion concentration
Acid Substance that increases hydrogen ions
Base Substance that decreases hydrogen ions
Buffer Substance that resists changes in pH
Dehydration synthesis Joining molecules by removing water
Hydrolysis Breaking molecules apart using water
Monomer Small repeating unit
Polymer Large molecule made of monomers
Carbohydrates Main source of quick energy
Lipids Long term energy storage and insulation
Proteins Molecules made of amino acids
Enzymes Proteins that speed up reactions
ATP Main energy molecule of the cell
DNA Stores genetic information
RNA Helps make proteins
Transcription Making mRNA from DNA
Translation Making proteins from mRNA
Mitochondria Produce ATP
Golgi apparatus Packages proteins
Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes
Ribosome Produces proteins
Plasma membrane Phospholipid bilayer around cell
Diffusion Movement from high to low concentration
Osmosis Diffusion of water
Facilitated diffusion Passive transport using proteins
Active transport Movement against concentration gradient using ATP
Endocytosis Bringing substances into cell
Exocytosis Releasing substances from cell
Mitosis Cell division producing identical cells
Meiosis Cell division producing sex cells
Epithelial tissue Protection secretion and absorption
Connective tissue Support binding and protection
Muscle tissue Produces movement
Nervous tissue Conducts electrical impulses
Simple epithelium One layer of cells
Stratified epithelium Multiple layers of cells
Simple squamous epithelium Thin flat cells specialized for diffusion
Simple cuboidal epithelium Cube shaped cells specialized for secretion and absorption
Simple columnar epithelium Tall cells specialized for absorption and secretion
Goblet cells Mucus secreting cells
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Tissue that appears layered but is not
Cartilage Flexible connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage Most common cartilage type
Osteoblasts Bone building cells
Osteoclasts Bone destroying cells
Compact bone Dense outer bone tissue
Spongy bone Porous bone tissue containing marrow
Axial skeleton Skull vertebral column and thoracic cage
Appendicular skeleton Limbs and girdles
Tendon Connects muscle to bone
Ligament Connects bone to bone
Synovial joint Freely movable joint
Flexion Decreases angle between bones
Extension Increases angle between bones
Abduction Movement away from midline
Adduction Movement toward midline
Dorsiflexion Toes move toward shin
Plantar flexion Toes point downward
Inversion Sole turns inward
Eversion Sole turns outward
Pronation Palm turns downward
Supination Palm turns upward
Circumduction Circular movement of limb
Melanin Pigment that gives skin color
Melanocytes Cells that produce melanin
Keratinocytes Cells that produce keratin
Eccrine glands Sweat glands for cooling
Sebaceous glands Oil producing glands
Sarcomere Functional unit of muscle contraction
Myosin Thick filament in muscle
Actin Thin filament in muscle
Calcium Ion required for muscle contraction
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter stimulating skeletal muscle
Depolarization Membrane becomes less negative
Repolarization Return to resting membrane potential
Neuron Nerve cell that conducts impulses
Dendrites Receive signals toward cell body
Axon Carries impulses away from cell body
Myelin Fatty insulation around axons
Nodes of Ranvier Gaps in myelin sheath
Gray matter Contains neuron cell bodies
White matter Contains myelinated axons
CNS Central nervous system including brain and spinal cord
PNS Peripheral nervous system including nerves outside CNS
Afferent neurons Carry sensory information toward CNS
Efferent neurons Carry motor information away from CNS
Synapse Junction between neurons
Neurotransmitters Chemicals released at synapses
Sympathetic nervous system Fight or flight division
Parasympathetic nervous system Rest and digest division
Cerebrum Responsible for conscious thought
Cerebellum Responsible for balance and coordination
Brainstem Controls basic life functions
Meninges Protective coverings of brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid Fluid cushioning brain and spinal cord
Iris Controls amount of light entering eye
Cornea Clear window that bends light
Lens Focuses light onto retina
Retina Contains photoreceptors
Rods Receptors for dim light vision
Cones Receptors for color vision
Fovea centralis Area of sharpest vision
Sclera White outer layer of eye
Choroid coat Vascular layer nourishing eye
Aqueous humor Watery fluid in front of eye
Vitreous humor Jelly like fluid in center of eye
Optic nerve Carries visual impulses to brain
Optic disc Blind spot where optic nerve exits
Pupil Opening in center of iris
Ciliary body Produces aqueous humor and controls lens
Suspensory ligaments Connect lens to ciliary body
Lateral rectus Muscle that moves eye outward
Medial rectus Muscle that moves eye inward
Structure determines function The way something is built explains what it does
Simple epithelium One layer specialized for absorption secretion or diffusion
Stratified epithelium Multiple layers specialized for protection
Simple squamous epithelium Thin flat cells for diffusion and filtration
Simple cuboidal epithelium Cube shaped cells for secretion and absorption
Simple columnar epithelium Tall cells for absorption and mucus secretion
Pseudostratified epithelium Tissue that appears layered but is actually one layer
Squamous cells Flat cells specialized for diffusion
Cuboidal cells Cube shaped cells specialized for secretion
Columnar cells Tall cells specialized for absorption
Goblet cells Mucus secreting epithelial cells
Cilia Hairlike projections that move substances
Avascular No blood vessels present
High mitosis Rapid cell division for repair and replacement
Connective tissue Tissue specialized for support and binding
Extracellular matrix Material surrounding connective tissue cells
Collagen fibers Fibers providing strength
Elastic fibers Fibers allowing stretch
Reticular fibers Fibers forming support framework
Cartilage Flexible supportive connective tissue
Bone Hard connective tissue containing calcium salts
Blood Liquid connective tissue
Muscle tissue Tissue specialized for contraction
Skeletal muscle Voluntary striated muscle attached to bones
Cardiac muscle Involuntary striated muscle found in heart
Smooth muscle Involuntary nonstriated muscle in organs
Striated muscle Muscle with visible banding pattern
Sarcomere Functional unit of muscle contraction
Actin Thin filament in muscle
Myosin Thick filament in muscle
Sliding filament theory Myosin pulls actin during contraction
Calcium Exposes binding sites for contraction
ATP Provides energy for muscle contraction
Fatigue Reduced ability of muscle to contract
Bone remodeling Continuous breakdown and rebuilding of bone
Osteoblasts Bone building cells
Osteoclasts Bone breaking cells
Compact bone Dense outer bone tissue
Spongy bone Porous bone tissue containing marrow
Red bone marrow Produces blood cells
Hemopoiesis Blood cell formation
Axial skeleton Skull vertebral column and thoracic cage
Appendicular skeleton Limbs and girdles
Fibrous joints Immovable or slightly movable joints
Cartilaginous joints Slightly movable joints connected by cartilage
Synovial joints Freely movable joints
Synovial fluid Lubricates joints and reduces friction
Articular cartilage Smooth cartilage covering bone ends in joints
Flexion Decreasing angle between bones
Extension Increasing angle between bones
Abduction Movement away from midline
Adduction Movement toward midline
Circumduction Circular movement of limb
Rotation Movement around an axis
Sagittal plane Plane dividing body into left and right
Frontal plane Plane dividing body into front and back
Transverse plane Plane dividing body into upper and lower
Flexion and extension Movements in sagittal plane
Abduction and adduction Movements in frontal plane
Rotation Movement in transverse plane
Inversion Sole turns inward
Eversion Sole turns outward
Dorsiflexion Toes move toward shin
Plantar flexion Toes point downward
Pronation Palm faces downward
Supination Palm faces upward
Tendon Connects muscle to bone
Ligament Connects bone to bone
Bursa Fluid filled sac reducing friction
CNS Brain and spinal cord
PNS Nerves outside brain and spinal cord
Gray matter Contains neuron cell bodies
White matter Contains myelinated axons
Neuron Nerve cell conducting impulses
Dendrites Carry impulses toward soma
Axon Carries impulses away from soma
Myelin Fatty insulation around axons
Saltatory conduction Impulse jumping node to node
Nodes of Ranvier Gaps in myelin sheath
Depolarization Membrane becomes less negative
Repolarization Return to resting membrane potential
Resting membrane potential Negative charge inside neuron at rest
Synapse Junction between neurons
Neurotransmitters Chemicals released at synapse
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter stimulating muscle contraction
Sympathetic nervous system Fight or flight division
Parasympathetic nervous system Rest and digest division
Afferent neurons Carry sensory information toward CNS
Efferent neurons Carry motor information away from CNS
Homeostasis Maintaining stable internal conditions
Negative feedback Reverses a change to maintain stability
Positive feedback Amplifies a change
Cornea Clear window bending light
Lens Focuses light onto retina
Iris Controls amount of light entering eye
Pupil Opening allowing light into eye
Retina Sensory layer containing photoreceptors
Rods Photoreceptors for dim light vision
Cones Photoreceptors for color and detail vision
Fovea centralis Area of sharpest vision
Optic disc Blind spot lacking photoreceptors
Optic nerve Carries visual impulses to brain
Aqueous humor Watery fluid nourishing front of eye
Vitreous humor Jelly like fluid maintaining eye shape
Choroid coat Vascular layer nourishing eye
Sclera Tough white outer eye layer
Ciliary body Controls lens shape and produces aqueous humor
Photoreceptors Cells detecting light
Diffusion Movement from high to low concentration
Osmosis Diffusion of water
Active transport Movement against concentration gradient using ATP
Facilitated diffusion Passive movement using proteins
Selective permeability Membrane allows some substances through
Cell membrane Regulates movement into and out of cell
Mitochondria Produce ATP through aerobic respiration
Ribosomes Build proteins
Golgi apparatus Packages and ships protens
Lysosomes Digest waste and old organelles
DNA Stores genetic information
RNA Helps produce proteins
Transcription Making RNA from DNA
Translation Making proteins from RNA
Enzymes Proteins speeding up reactions
Metabolism All chemical reactions in the body
Catabolism Breaking molecules apart
Anabolism Building larger molecules
Buffer Resists pH changes
Acid Increases hydrogen ions
Base Decreases hydrogen ions
Epithelial tissue heals quickly High mitosis and good regeneration
Cartilage heals slowly Poor blood supply
Myelin increases speed Impulse jumps between nodes
Synovial joints move freely Joint cavity and fluid reduce friction
Simple squamous epithelium is thin Allows rapid diffusion
Bone is strong Calcium salts harden matrix
Spongy bone is lightweight Porous structure reduces weight
Fovea centralis has sharp vision High concentration of cones
Blind spot exists No photoreceptors at optic disc
Muscles only pull Contraction shortens muscle fibers
ATP depletion Causes muscle fatigue
Calcium storage Major function of bones
Support and protection Major functions of skeletal system
Melanin Pigment giving skin color
Melanocytes Cells producing melanin
Keratin Tough waterproofing protein in skin
Sebaceous glands Oil producing glands
Eccrine glands Sweat glands for cooling
Third degree burn Destruction of all skin layers
Created by: user-2040307
 

 



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