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Digestive
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Alimentary canal | Gastrointestinal Canal which is a muscular tube that spans from mouth to anus, passes through pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestines, rectum, and anus |
| Function of digestion system | Breaks down nutrient into nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals) and water, which the body absorbs into the bloodstream for energy, growth, and repair. It also eliminates waste |
| Mouth/oral cavity | Where the food goes in, in charge of mechanical breakdown = smushing and squishing, and chemical breakdown = digesting carbs using amylase, an enzyme. |
| Pharynx | Dual organ, contains the epiglottis which is what separates respiratory from digestive system. Contains the uvula which blocks the nasal cavity. Initiates swallowing by propelling bolus into the esophagus and prevents food from entering trachea. + mucus. |
| Esophagus | Transports foods and liquids into stomach , leads from pharynx to the stomach and has mucus for lubrication.through peristalsis and prevents reflex. Passes thru diaphragm |
| Esophagus complications | Some are born with a hole in the diaphragm and the stomach goes through the hole which is called a diaphragmatic hernia. Esophagus goes through the trachea, which expands into the trachea, and Heimlich compresses the stomach. |
| Stomach | Breaks down the mucus, stomach is the pouch that stores and breaks down, bolus: cardiac sphincter that prevents food from splashing into esophagus = heart burn, doesn't work as well when stomach expands |
| Pyloric region | The pyloric region (pylorus) is the distal, funnel-shaped part of the stomach connecting to the duodenum. It acts as a gatekeeper, regulating the passage of food (chyme) through the pyloric sphincter, a thick muscle ring. |
| Fundus | Fundus collection of gases and secretes enzymes and acid |
| Chyme | Name referred to food after passing the stomach, so it contrains acid and it goes into the duodenum The pancreas injects a basic (alkaline), bicarbonate-rich fluid into the chyme at the duodenum, which is the first section of the small intestine |
| Rapid gastric dumping | high-sugar food, moves too quickly from the stomach to the small intestine. |
| Small intestine (Duodenum) | breaks down food, absorbing nutrients, and regulating gastric emptying. It neutralizes stomach acid and mixes chyme with digestive juices from the pancreas and liver, specifically absorbing iron, calcium, and fats. C-shaped section |
| Small intestine (Jejunum) | middle section, rapid absorption of nutrients and water from food into the bloodstream. Has villi and microvilli, which increase surface area, and transports broken-down carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids also has capillaries |
| Small intestine (Ileum) - broader vili | longest section, responsible for absorbing vitamin B12, recycles conjugated bile salts, and absorbs remaining nutrients not taken up by the jejunum. It plays a crucial role in fluid/electrolyte absorption and houses Peyer's patches for immune defense, ca |
| Large intestine | Final stage of digestion, absorbs water, electrolytes, and vitamins K+ B from remaining indigestible food matter. Breaks down carbohydrates through bacterial fermentation, turns liquid waste into solid feces, and stores this material in rectum. |
| Cecum (with the appendix attached), | When bacteria releases gas while digesting it can be unpleasant, reservoir for chyme received from the small intestine. Its primary functions include absorbing remaining water and salts. Small intestine to cecum leocecal valve, prevents backflow (reflux) |
| Appendix | dead-end pouch attached to the cecum , meaning food cannot travel through it to move along the digestive tract, and maybe helped with digesting bark or meat |
| Appendicitis | Because the cecum hangs lower than the other parts of the intestine, waste material can collect there more easily and become trapped. This can lead to inflammation or infection of the appendix, causing appendicitis |
| Ascending colon | Right side, convert liquid chyme received from the small intestine into solid stool |
| Transverse colon | longest, most mobile part of the large intestine, responsible for absorbing water and salts from waste and moving it toward the descending colon |
| Descending colon | Left Side, store feces, absorb remaining water and electrolytes from indigestible waste, |
| Sigmoid colon | Turns back to sacrum and tailbone, store solid fecal waste until defecation, absorb remaining water, vitamins, and electrolytes, and move feces into the rectum via strong muscular contractions |
| Rectum | a temporary storage reservoir for feces. It receives waste from the sigmoid colon |
| Anus | Internal sphincter, resting barrier that prevents leakage of feces or urine by staying contracted, and external sphincter is the voluntary and trained when potty trained. |
Created by:
nuhaSalim