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Lymphatic and immune
A&P Test 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| functions of the lymphatic system, 3 of them | collect interstitial fluid, lymph, to return to blood a portion of the immune system transport lipids from the small intestines. |
| Chyle | fatty lymph |
| interstitial fluid becomes what when entering the lymphatic capillaries? | lymph |
| what is the lymphatic capillaries in the villi of the small intestines called? | Lacteals |
| flow of how fat gets absorbed in the small intestines, start at fat globules. | Fat globules get bile salts attached and emulsify into fat droplets, which enter the lymph capillaries through the villi in lacteals. |
| lymph movement is caused by what two things? | muscular and respiratory pump, same as veins, have valves. |
| 5 lymphatic organs (organs for a lack of a better term) | tonsils thymus spleen peyer's patches appendix |
| The right lymphatic duct drains? | right upper body |
| The left lymphatic duct drains? | lower body, left upper body |
| lymph nodes are | lymph filters |
| lymph nodes are full of what cells? | macrophage/dendritic cells, and lymphocytes |
| dendritic cells are great what? | antigen presenting cells |
| spleen filters what? | blood |
| The spleen is rich in what phagocytes? Where do these cells live mostly, red, or white pulp? | Macrophages, in the red pulp |
| What two things does the spleen do? | RBC graveyard, where macrophages eat. Platelet and blood storage, to be checked by macrophages |
| white pulp in spleen does what? | helps B cells |
| Thymus is located where? | superior mediastinum above heart |
| How does the thymus grow as we age? | Most active in adolescents, grows till about 20-30, then stops working, slowly shrinking and being replaced with adipose tissue. |
| What does the thymus do? | receives cells from the bone marrow and makes T cells. |
| What two tests do T cells have to do to make it out of the thymus? | Positive, and then negative selection test |
| What does MALT stand for? | Mucus Associated Lymphatic Tissue, Tonsils, Thymus, Spleen, Peyer's Patches, and appendix |
| Tonsils are the first lymphatic tissues food encounters. What three tonsils are there? | The early warning system, pharyngeal tonsils Palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils |
| Tonsillar crypts contain | B cells and T cells |
| what can happen with tonsillar crypts in adolescents? | can get bacteria growing in them, tonsillitis. |
| Peyer's Patches | Catch bacteria in small intestines before they get out of hand, intestines perfect environment for most bacteria |
| Peyer's patches are rich in what cells? | dendritic and B cells |
| The appendix, the end of the cecum of the large intestines, is called vestigial, what does this mean? | Used to have a function, doesn't do anything now. |
| Immunity is simply what? | defense against non-self |
| The immune system responds appropriately to foreign antigens, what are some things it responds to inappropriately? | Food allergies, etc |
| Immune Defenses are set between two categories, what are they? | Innate defenses and adaptive defenses |
| Innate defenses are split into what two categories of defenses? | Surface barriers and internal defenses |
| surface barriers of innate defenses are what? | Skin and mucous membranes, more acidic to keep out things that would live well in our gut |
| What are internal defenses of innate defenses? | Phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, and fever |
| What is the simplest explanation of what innate defenses are and do? | Innate defenses are defenses we have from birth already, ones that we use the same option for every kind of invasion. |
| Adaptive defenses in a simple explanation are what? | Defenses that adapt to each kind of invasion they're trying to attack |
| Adaptive Defenses are split between what two things? | Humoral immunity, and cellular immunity |
| Humoral immunity, a kind of adaptive defense, is what? | B cells, in the fluids of the body |
| Cellular immunity, a kind of adaptive defense, is what? | T cells, cell to cell |
| What kind of leukocyte does both internal defenses of innate defenses and humeral immunity of adaptive defense? | Lymphocytes |
| species barrier | diseases that infect certain species but can't others. Such as avian flu, only happens to birds |
| what are the keys to getting into our cells by viruses? | spikes on the outside of the virus, protein spikes |
| acid mantle of the body | skin, 5 ph, way way more acidic than the slightly alkaline 7.35-7.45 of the body |
| mechanical barriers | intact skin epidermis, acid mantle of the skin, keratin, intact mucous membrane. Needs a portal of entry to get in. mucus, nasal hairs, gastric juice, acid mantle of the vagina, lacrimal secretion flushing eyes, urine, etc. |
| acid mantle of the vagina does what? | helpful bacteria keeps vagina ph lower, to keep vagina safe from other bacteria. |
| which gender gets more urinary infections, why? | women do, because of a shorter urethra. |
| respiratory escalator | cilia that moves sludged mucus up to be coughed out. |
| how does the respiratory tract catch particles coming in? | nasal hairs, but mainly mucus all the way down the inside, leading to the respiratory escalator. |
| phagocytes need what to phagocytize something? | opsonization, to mark for disposal |
| opsonization | marking for lysing of a cell, virus, etc. |
| natural killer cell (lymphocytes) | destroy virally infected cells, as long as they're opsonized |
| inflammation | tissue response to invasion/injury |
| fever | abnormally high body temps from the hypothalamus, to burn out foreign invaders that can't handle the high temperature |
| what 4 things are associated with inflammation, and what do they do? | heat, redness, pain, and swelling. Help to heal |
| inflammation, arterials dilating, with heat and redness, increases what of cells? | metabolic rate of cells |
| complement is what kind of reaction? | cascade reaction |
| classical pathway | activated by antibodies coating target cell (opsonization), leads to opsonization and enhances inflammation |
| MAC, Membrane Attack Complex | Get into circle, to puncture through foreign cell to leak out. Needs to be triggered by antibody to tell cell to attack |
| Interferons | antiviral molecules, alpha and beta interferons, go from virus-infected host cell to cells nearby to tell them to protect themselves |
| How is virus's metabolism? | They have no metabolism, need our cells' to make theirs. |
| Adaptive or specific immunity | resistance to a specific foreign agent. Able to change itself against invaders |
| How many different shaped antibodies are possible? | a billion |
| Where do antibodies attach to viruses and bacteria? | the epitope of the antigen |
| epitopes | docking places on antigens for antibodies |
| What shape are monomer antibodies? | Y shaped |
| antigen-binding region/variable region | The two ends of the Y shape of antibodies that attaches to an antigen |
| constant region/stem region of antibodies | place that sticks to B cells, attracts macrophage or triggers complements to dock and phagocytize |
| 5 types of antibodies. | IgM IgA IgD IgG IgE |
| IgM shape? | Can be pentamer or monomer if attached to a B cell surface. |
| Antibody TITER | See how what antibodies and how much you have. Can be used to know if you are under attack, having elevated numbers of anything. |
| IgM | First class secreted by plasma cells during primary response. Readily fixes and activates complement. Five united monomers with ten variable ends. Potent agglutinator. Circulates in blood plasma. Receptor on B cell surface |
| IgA shape? | Dimer |
| IgA | Found in secretions to surface. Stops pathogens from attaching to epithelial surfaces. |
| IgD shape? | monomer |
| IgD | found on b cell surface, functions as a b cell antigen receptor |
| What two antibody classes can be found on B cell surface? | IgM and IgD |
| Which antibody class is the most common? What percentage of them are they? | IgG, 75-85% |
| IgG shape? | monomer |
| IgG | Main antibody of both secondary and late primary responses. Readily fixes and activates complement. Crosses the placenta and confers with passive immunity from mother to fetus, which can be good or bad. In blood and lymph |
| How long is primary response roughly? | 10 days |
| How long is secondary response roughly? | 4 days, 10,000-100,000 times faster to respond than primary response |
| Primary and secondary response, what two antibodies respond and in what order? | IgM first, then IgG. |
| IgE shape? | Monomer |
| IgE | Binds to mast cells or basophils. Allergic reactions, mediate inflammation. Secreted by plasma cells. Only traces of IgE found in plasma. Levels rise in allergic attacks or chronic infections of the gastrointestinal tract. |
| Explain primary response. | Initial encounter with antigen. Clonal selection occurs, activated B cells turn into plasma cells, effector b cells, and then antibodies are secreted. Takes longer, but some cloned cells are kept to be ready in case of return ever. |
| clonal expansion | the selected cell expands in number to respond to that same kind of epitope. |
| Antigen-antibody complex | If they have the right ends, they stick together, opsonize. |
| Three ways antigen antibody complexes inactivate | Neutralization, agglutination, and precipitation. |
| Neutralization in antigens by antibodies | masks dangerous parts of bacterial exotoxins; viruses |
| agglutination in antigens by antibodies | if someone is given the wrong blood, antibodies like IgM can agglutinate the wrong blood cells together |
| Precipitation of antigens by antibodies | soluble antigens |
| What is fixed and activated by antigen-antibody complex? | complement |
| second response | army of B cells makes tons of plasma cells, tons of antibodies |
| active humoral immunity, naturally acquired | infection, contact with pathogen |
| active humoral immunity, artificially acquired | vaccine, dead, or attenuated (nonlethal) pathogens |
| Passive humoral immunity, naturally acquired | antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta, or to infant from mother's milk |
| Passive humoral immunity, artificially acquired | injection of exogenous antibodies, take antibodies out of plasma and give them to someone with a compromised immune system |
| H-big or Hepatitis B immune globulin | protects from accidental needle sticks |
| cellular immunity/cell-mediated immunity | involves T-lymphocytes or T cells. Go from bone marrow to thymus, most don't survive. Antigen presenting thymic cells give two tests. |
| positive selection test | T cell receptor has to match up with MHC (major histocompatibility complex) failure to recognize self MHC results in apoptosis. Success leads to negative selection test. |
| negative selection test | recognizing self-antigen results in apoptosis. failure to recognize self-antigen results in survival and continued maturation. Otherwise it would attack us |
| What happens if the Thymus lets out defective T cells that didn't pass the negative selection test? | Autoimmune diseases. |
| Extracellular Pathogens | Out in the fluids, bacterial, fungal. |
| Intracellular Pathogens | In the cells, viruses |
| Immature lymphocytes leave red bone marrow to go to Thymus. What two options do they have for what to become? | If passed, they can head to either being a CD4+ or CD8+ cell. |
| a lymphocyte in the thymus becomes a CD4 cell, being activated by a Class 2 MHC protein displaying antigen, what cell does it become? | CD4's become either helper cells or regulatory T cells. These help in humoral immunity and cellular immunity |
| Lymphocyte in Thymus becomes CD8 and meets a Class 1 MHC protein displaying antigen. What does it become? | CD8 cells become cytotoxic T cells. |
| How can you know which class 1 or 2, goes to CD4 or CD8? | If you multiply the numbers, as long as you get 8, you're right. 8*1=8 4*2=8 |
| Cytotoxic Cell Role (CD8) | Sticks to infected cell, releases perforin to make a perforin pore, put perforin into infected cell to kill it. |
| Naive cells | haven't come in contact with anything yet, large numbers in lymph nodes, become toxic when activated |
| How helper T cells help in humoral immunity | tells B cells through releasing interleukins to become plasma cell, to release antibodies. |
| How helper T cells help in cellular immunity | Tag team with CD8 cell to help destroy infected cell. |
Created by:
JoshuaB5