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Bio test
Transcription, translation, replication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are three differences between RNA and DNA | 1) DNA: double stranded RNA: single stranded 2) DNA: Deoxyribose sugar RNA: Ribose sugar 3) DNA: A=T RNA: A=U |
| Where is DNA found in the cell | Nucleus |
| Where is RNA found in the cell | Ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleus |
| Name three types of RNA and what they do | mRNA: carries messages from DNA to protein tRNA: reads the message and transfers amino acids to ribosomes rRNA: used to bind mRNA and tRNA to the ribosome and makes ribosomes |
| What are the steps on transcription | 1. DNA polymerase binds to promoter. 2. DNA polymerase separates DNA strands. 3. strand of DNA is used as a template. 4. new nucleotides are inserted continues until terminator is reached. 6. RNA polymerase reforms hydrogen bonds. 7. RNA is ranscribed |
| Helicase | Separates/opens DNA strands in DNA replication |
| DNA polymerase | adds new DNA nucleotides |
| RNA polymerase | opens DNA, builds strand of RNA |
| where does transcription take place | nucleus |
| Where does translation take place | ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| What is the product of Transcription | mRNA |
| What is the product for the following processes | Protein |
| What is the role of a codon in a DNA molecule | 3 nucleotides/nitrogen bases that code for specific amino acids |
| What is the role of a Promoter in a DNA molecule | DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription |
| What is the role of the termination codon in a DNA molecule | DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription |
| What is the start codon found on RNA | AUG met |
| What are the three stop codons on RNA | UGA, UAA, UAG |
| What is a purine | double ringed nitrogen base ( A+G) |
| What is a pyrimidine | single ringed nitrogen base (T+U+C) |
| What is Deoxyribose | 5-carbon sugar that lacks a single oxygen atom (Found in DNA) |
| What is Ribose | 5-carbon sugar that has the oxygen atoms (found in RNA) |
| Three things genes must be able to do | 1: genes must carry information from one generation to the next 2: genes must be able to put the information that they carry to work to work to produce the traits of the organsim 3: there must be a mechanism to easily copy the gene + replicate |
| Who were the people who came up with the model of DNA and described the molecules as a double helix | James Watson and Francis Crick |
| What does nucleotides consist of? | Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, and a nitrogen base |
| DNA molecules are made up of what? | small units called nucleotides, phosphate groups, and nitrogen bases |
| What are the four nitrogen bases in DNA | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine |
| What is the backbone of a DNA chain | alternating sugar and phosphate groups |
| Who discovered that A=T and G=C | Erwin Chargaff (Chargaff's rule) A=T (2 H bonds) A=G (3 H bonds) |
| Who discovered that DNA had two strands and the nitrogen bases were at the center of the molecule | Rosalind Franklin |
| What are the nitrogen bases connected by | hydrogen bond |
| How are the bases and phosphate groups connected | Covenant bonds |
| What proteins does DNA wrap tightly around | histones |
| Replication | The process by which a cell copies or duplicates its DNA |
| Replication Fork | Y shaped region at the end of each replication bubble where the new strands of DNA are elongating |
| What are proteins made by | ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| What is the synthase of Protein called | translation |
| What happens in the P site in a ribosome | the growing polypeptide chain is being held there |
| What happens in the A site in a ribosome | the A site holds the next tRNA with the amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain |
| What happens in the E site | discharged tRNA leave the ribosome through the E site |
| What are the building instructions for protiens | genes |
| What are mutations | changes in the genetic material of a cell |
| Gene mutation | a change within a single gene |
| Chromosome Mutations | changes within the whole chromosome |
| point mutations | changes in just one base pair of a gene |
| what are building blocks of nucleic acid | nucleotides |
| what is RNA made of | Phosphate groups, nitrogen bases |
| DNA Replication product | DNA to DNA |
| SSBP's | keeps DNA separated |
| Topoisomerase | prevents super coiling |
| primase | puts down RNA primers |
| DNA Polymerase | adds DNA nucleotides |
| Ligase | glue |
| exonucleases | cut out wrong nucleotides |
| how is lagging built | built in sections |
| how is leading built | built continuously |
| what does semi-conservative mean? | replication fork keeps/uses one of the old DNA strands for new DNA |
| Introns | stay in the nucleolus |
| exons | exit nucleolus as mRNA |
| Splicing | Splice out introns in mRNA then splice exons together |
| 5' cap | helps label start of mRNA |
| Poly A Tail | protects from breaking down |
| amino acids attach together via what? | peptide bond |
| chain of amino acids | polypeptide |
| what does a polypeptide have to do in order to be a functional protein | fold |
Created by:
28larsochl