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P8 Flashcards
Different from "Period Rev" flashcards which cover the paper Review Challenges.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| United Nations created (1945) | International peacekeeping body formed at end of WWII. Unlike the League of Nations, it had a Security Council with enforcement power. 5 permanent members hold veto power. US a founding member. |
| Levittown & Suburbanization (1947) | Mass-produced suburban communities made homeownership affordable for returning veterans — but excluded Black families. Fueled the postwar baby boom & car culture. Women often felt isolated in suburban roles. |
| Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan (1947-1948) | ___ ___ pledged US support to nations resisting communism. ___ ___ provided $13 billion to rebuild war-devastated Western Europe — stabilizing democracies & blocking Soviet influence. |
| Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948) | Soviets blockaded West Berlin to force the West out. US & Allies airlifted food & supplies for 11 months — a stunning logistical success. Soviets backed down. Became a symbol of Western resolve. |
| HUAC & Red Scare - Alger Hiss, McCarthy, Hollywood 10, and the Rosenbergs (1940s-1950s) | Fear of communist infiltration gripped America. ___ alleged hundreds of gov & Hollywood figures were communist agents. Hiss & Rosenbergs convicted. Hollywood 10 blacklisted. McCarthy discredited in 1954. |
| Korean War (1950-1953) | First 'hot' conflict of the Cold War. US-led UN forces defended South Korea against North Korea & China. Ended in stalemate at 38th parallel — where it began. 36,000 Americans died. |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | Supreme Court unanimously overturned Plessy v. Ferguson — racial segregation in public schools declared unconstitutional. Chief Justice Warren wrote the opinion. Launched the modern civil rights movement. |
| Murder of Emmett Till (1955) | 14-year-old Black boy brutally murdered in Mississippi for allegedly flirting with a white woman. His killers acquitted by an all-white jury. His mother held an open-casket funeral. Galvanized civil rights activism. |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) | Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat. Black residents boycotted city buses for 381 days. Supreme Court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional. Launched MLK to national prominence. |
| Federal Highway Act (1956) | Authorized 41,000 miles of interstate highways — the largest public works project in US history. Cost $26 billion. Enabled suburbanization, car culture & Cold War civilian evacuation planning. |
| NASA established (1957) | Created in response to Soviet Sputnik launch. Raced the USSR in the Space Race. Kennedy pledged to reach the moon by 1970. Achieved with Apollo 11 in 1969 — first humans on the moon. |
| Little Rock Nine (1957) | Nine Black students tried to integrate Little Rock Central High School. Governor Faubus used National Guard to block them. Eisenhower federalized the Guard to enforce integration. Landmark moment in civil rights. |
| Election of 1960 - JFK's inauguration & New Frontier | JFK barely defeated Nixon — first Catholic president. TV debates proved decisive — JFK's composure won viewers. ___ ___ promised advances in education, healthcare, civil rights & space exploration. |
| Bay of Pigs & Cuban Missile Crisis (1961-1962) | CIA-trained Cuban exiles failed to overthrow Castro. ___ ___ ___ — USSR placed nukes in Cuba. Kennedy blockaded the island. Soviets withdrew weapons in exchange for US pledge not to invade Cuba. |
| Betty Friedan writes Feminine Mystique (1963) | ___ ___ argued that educated women were trapped in unfulfilling domestic roles — 'the problem that has no name.' Launched second-wave feminism. Helped found NOW (National Organization for Women). |
| March on Washington (1963) | 250,000 marched on the National Mall demanding civil rights legislation. MLK delivered 'I Have a Dream.' One of the largest political demonstrations in US history. Pressured Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act. |
| Civil Rights Acts (1964, 1965 & 1968) | 1964: banned discrimination in public places & employment. 1965: protected Black voting rights — passed after Selma march. 1968: banned housing discrimination. Together they dismantled legal segregation. |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) | Congress authorized Johnson to use military force in Vietnam after alleged North Vietnamese attacks on US ships. Passed with near-unanimous support. Later found to be based on misleading intelligence. |
| Protests against Vietnam War (1960s) | Growing opposition as casualties mounted. Kent State shootings, draft resistance & massive marches shook the nation. MLK called the war immoral. Tet Offensive in 1968 turned public opinion sharply against the war. |
| Johnson's Great Society (1965) | ___ launched sweeping reforms: Medicare, Medicaid, Voting Rights Act, education funding & antipoverty programs. Most ambitious expansion of the federal gov since the New Deal. Largely overshadowed by Vietnam. |
| Radicalization of the Civil Rights Movement - Malcolm X & Black Panthers (1960s) | Frustrated by slow progress, activists embraced Black Power. ___ ___ advocated Black self-reliance & criticized integration. Black Panthers organized community programs & armed self-defense. |
| Tet Offensive (1968) | North Vietnam launched surprise attacks on over 100 South Vietnamese cities during the lunar new year. Militarily repulsed but shattered American confidence. Credibility gap widened. LBJ declined to run for reelection. |
| Pentagon Papers exposed by Daniel Ellsberg / Credibility Gap (1971) | ___ ___ leaked classified Defense Dept. history of Vietnam War. Revealed gov had systematically lied to the public about the war. ___ ___ described the widening distrust between Americans & their government. |
| Nixon visits China / Detente (1972) | ___ made a historic trip to communist China — opening diplomatic relations after 25 years of hostility. ___ with the USSR eased Cold War tensions — SALT I & trade agreements followed. |
| US troops withdraw from Vietnam (1973) | Nixon's Vietnamization gradually shifted combat responsibility to South Vietnamese. Paris Peace Accords signed. US troops withdrew. North Vietnam took Saigon in 1975 — South Vietnam fell. |
| OPEC Embargo (1973) | Arab members of OPEC cut off oil to the US to punish support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War. Gas prices quadrupled. Long lines at pumps. Triggered a US energy crisis & recession. |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | Supreme Court ruled states could not ban abortion in the first trimester — based on the right to privacy. Became one of the most controversial rulings in US history. Galvanized both pro-choice & pro-life movements. |
| Nixon resigns due to Watergate (1974) | CREEP operatives bugged the DNC headquarters. ___ tried to cover it up using gov resources. Impeachment proceedings began. ___ resigned on August 9, 1974 — the only president ever to do so. |
| Jimmy Carter brokers Camp David Accords (1978) | ___ hosted Egyptian President Sadat & Israeli PM Begin at Camp David. Historic peace framework resulted in the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty (1979). Greatest foreign policy achievement of Carter's presidency. |
| SALT I & SALT II signed (1979) | SALT I (1972) capped nuclear delivery systems. ___ ___ set more specific limits on different missile types. Signed by Carter & Brezhnev. Senate never ratified SALT II after Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. |
| Moral Majority formed (1979) | Jerry Falwell's evangelical political organization mobilized Christian conservatives against abortion, gay rights & perceived moral decay. Helped elect Reagan in 1980. Signaled the rise of the Religious Right. |
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dddemchuk12