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Final Exam

Biodiversity Spring 2026- Final Exam

QuestionAnswer
Phylogeny definition Evolutionary history of a species
Systematics definition Study of biological diversity and relationships
Taxon definition A named group of organisms
Clade definition Group including ancestor and all descendants
Homology definition Similarity due to shared ancestry
Analogy definition Similarity not due to common ancestry
Anagenesis definition Evolution within a single lineage
Cladogenesis definition Branching speciation
Hardy-Weinberg definition No evolution conditions model
Genetic drift definition Random change in allele frequencies
Gene flow definition Movement of alleles between populations
Allopatric speciation definition Speciation via geographic isolation
Sympatric speciation definition Speciation without geographic barrier
Endosymbiosis definition Origin of mitochondria/plastids from bacteria
Bacteria vs Archaea Different membrane chemistry, genetics
Cyanobacteria definition Photosynthetic prokaryotes producing oxygen
Transformation definition Uptake of DNA from environment
Transduction definition DNA transfer via viruses
Conjugation definition DNA transfer via cell contact
Protists definition Eukaryotes not plants/animals/fungi
Algae definition Photosynthetic protists
Protozoa definition Heterotrophic protists
Bryophytes definition Nonvascular plants
Xylem definition Water transport tissue
Phloem definition Sugar transport tissue
Gymnosperms definition Naked seeds
Angiosperms definition Flowering plants with fruit
Hyphae definition Fungal filaments
Mycelium definition Network of hyphae
Dikaryotic definition Cells with two nuclei
Animal traits definition Multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls
Diploblastic definition Two germ layers
Triploblastic definition Tree germ layers
Coelom definition Body cavity
Protostome definition Mouth develops first
Deuterostome definition Anus develops first
Abiotic factors definition Nonliving environmental factors
Biotic factors definition Living interactions
Niche definition Role of species in environment
Competitive exclusion definition No two species share niche
Primary succession definition No soil present
Secondary succession definition Soil remains
Biodiversity definition Variety of life
Habitat fragmentation definition Breaking habitats into pieces
Invasive species definition Non-native harmful species
Diagram: Life cycle (haploid --> diploid) Fertilization increases ploidy
Diagram: Food web Energy flows from producer to consumer
Diagram: Phylogenetic tree A----B/-C B and C share a more recent common ancestor
Diagram: Alteration of generation Sporophyte (2n) → spores → gametophyte (n)
Diagram: Logistic growth curve (S-shape) Population reaches carrying capacity
Diagram: Protostome vs Deuterostome Blastopore → mouth vs anus
Diagram: Phylogenetic tree A---B \-C B and C share a more recent common ancestor
Diagram: Protostome vs Deuterostome Blastopore → mouth vs anus
Diagram: Exponential growth (J-shape) Rapid unlimited growth
In a phylogenetic tree, what does a node represent? A common ancestor where lineages diverge
Which grouping is preferred in taxonomy? Monophyletic groups because they include all descendants
What is a shared derived character? A trait that evolved in the most recent common ancestor
What is homoplasy? Similarity due to convergent evolution, not shared ancestry
What does parsimony favor? The tree with the fewest evolutionary changes
Which process creates new species branches? Cladogenesis
What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assume? No mutation, migration, selection, drift, or non-random mating
Which type of selection favors extremes? Disruptive selection
What causes genetic drift? Random changes in allele frequencies
Which speciation involves geographic separation? Allopatric speciation
Which speciation occurs without separation? Sympatric speciation
What is reproductive isolation? Barriers preventing gene flow
Which organisms perform nitrogen fixation? Certain bacteria and cyanobacteria
Which prokaryotes produce oxygen? Certain bacteria and cyanobacteria
Which process transfers DNA via viruses? Transduction
Which protists cause red tides? Dinoflagellates
What is primary endosymbiosis? Engulfing of cyanobacteria to form plastids
What is the dominant generation in bryophytes? Gametophyte
What is the dominant generation in vascular plants? Sporophyte
What tissue transports water? Xylem
What innovation allowed plants to grow tall? Lignin in vascular tissue
What allows seed plants to reproduce without water? Pollen
What do fruits do? Aid in seed dispersal
What is the fungal body structure? Mycelium made of hyphae
What stage is dikaryotic? Cells with two nuclei before fusion
What defines animals? Multicellular heterotrophs without cell walls
What is cephalization? Concentration of sensory organs in head
What distinguishes protostomes? Blastopore becomes mouth
What distinguishes deuterostomes? Blastopore becomes anus
What is a coelom? Body cavity fully lined with mesoderm
What is a niche? The role of a species in its environment
What happens in competitive exclusion? One species outcompetes another
What increases biodiversity most? Intermediate disturbance
What is primary succession? Starts without soil
What is secondary succesion? Starts with soil intact
What are the four biodiversity threats? Habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation, climate change
What is biomagnification? Increase of toxins up the food chain
Tree: A and B share a node, C branches earlier. Who is closest related? A and B
Graph: Population shows S-curve. What is occurring? Logistic growth reaching carrying capacity
Life cycle: Diploid → meiosis → haploid. What is produced? Spores
Diagram: Protostome vs Deuterostome cleavage. Which is indeterminate? Deuterostome
Food chain: Grass → rabbit → fox. Who is primary consumer? Rabbit
Created by: KristenR2025
 

 



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