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D570 cognitive psych
cognitive psych key concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is bottom up processing_ | Perception driven by sensory input from the environment |
| What is top down processing | Perception influenced by expectations, knowledge and context |
| What is selective attention | Focusing on certain stimuli while ignoring others |
| What is the cocktail party effect | ability to focus on one conversation while filtering out others |
| what is inattentional blindness | failure to notice visible stimuli when attention is focused elsewhere |
| what is retrieval failure | storage exists, but access to the memory fails |
| what is decay theory | memory fades over time if not used |
| what is interference | memories compete with each other |
| difference between proactive and retroactive interferance | proactive_ old info interferes with new retroactive_new info interferes with old |
| what are false memories | distorted or fabricated memories believed to be real |
| what is piagets theory primarily concerned with | how thinking develops and changes across childhood |
| what is assimilation | integrating new info into existing mental schemes |
| what is accomodation | changing existing schemas to fit new info |
| what is equilibration | the process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to maintain cognitive stability |
| who was franz donders | a researcher who pioneered the study of mental processes using reaction time |
| what is the subtractive method | a technique that estimates the time of specific mental processes by subtracting reactions times of simpler tasks from more complex ones |
| why is donders important | he showed that mental processes could be measure experimentally |
| what is analogical problem solving | solving problems by applying solutions from previous similar problems |
| what are the stages of analogical problem solving | noticing--> mapping-->applying |
| what is the initial state? | problems starting condition |
| what is the goal state? | desired solution |
| what is the problem space? | all possible states and actions |
| what is the analogical paradox | People fail to use helpful analogies unless prompted |
| What is means-end analysis? | Reducing differences between current state and goal state step by step |
| Who were Newell and Simon? | cognitive scientists who studied human problem solving |
| What is broadbents filter model? | early attentional filter based on physical stimulus features |
| what is the limitation of broadbents filter model? | cannot explain processing of unattended meaningful information |
| What is the levels of processing theory? | A memory theory that says how well you remember information depends on how deeply you think about it, not how long you study it. |
| Deeper processing= | deeper memory |
| shallow processing= | weaker memory |
| types of implicit memory: | procedural, priming and conditional |
| what is expert-induced amnesia? | experts forgetting how they perform certain skills- they just do it |
| types of explicit memory: | semantic and episodic |
| what is the propaganda effect? | memory distortion caused by misleading post-event information |
| why is propaganda effect important? | shows memories are reconstructive, not exact |
| Who was endel Tulving? | proposed the distinction between episodic and semantic memory |
| what is episodic memory? | personal experiences tied to time and place |
| what is semantic memory? | general knowledge or facts |
| what is visual coding? | memory based on images |
| what is auditory coding? | memory based on sound |
| what is semantic coding? | memory based on meaning |
| what coding is strongest for LTM? | semantic coding |
| what does the serial position curve show? | recall is best for items at the beginning and end of a list |
| what is the primacy effect? | better recall of items that take place at the beginning |
| what is the recency effect? | better recall of items that are at the end |
| what is persistence of vision? | brief retention of visual images after stimulus removal |
| why is persistence of vision important? | it explains perception of motion in movies |
| What is the modal model of memory? | a model describing memory as sensory--> STM--> LTM |
| what controls transfer to LTM? | rehearsal |
| criticism of the modal model of memory: | it oversimplifies memory processes |
| what is a syllogism? | a form of deductive reasoning with two premises and a conclusion |
| why do people make errors in syllogisms? | because of belief bias and reliance on real world knowledge rather than logic |
| what is deductive reasoning? | general to specific reasoning |
| what is inductive reasoning? | specific to general reasoning |
| which reasoning type produces certainty? (inductive or deductive) | deductive reasoning (if premises are true) |
| what is fluid intelligence? | ability to solve novel problems and think logically without relying on prior knowledge |
| wht is crystallized intelligence? | knowledge and skills accumulated through experience |
| how do they change over time? (crystallized vs fluid intelligence) | fluid intelligence: declines with age crystallized intelligence: increases with age |
| what is structuralism? | school of psychology focused on analyzing conscious experience into basic elements using introspection |
| who is associated with structuralism? | Wundt and Titchener |
| What is functionalism? | school focused on the purpose of behavior and mental processes |
| who is associated with functionalism? | William James |
| Key difference between structuralism and functionalism? | Structuralism studies the structure of the mind by breaking consciousness into basic parts; functionalism studies how mental processes help us adapt and survive |
| what is the core idea of gestalt psycholgy? | perception is organized into meaningful wholes rather than individual elements |
| what does "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" mean? | perceptual experience cannot be fully understood by analyzing components alone |
| Gestalt laws: | proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, common fate |
| Who is Ebbinghaus and why is he significant? | a psychologist who studied memory using nonsense syllables |
| what is the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve? | memory fades quickly without review, especially soon after learning |
| what is the savings curve? | relearning something is faster than learning it the first time even if you forgot it |
| what is syllogism? | a logical argument with two premises and a conclusion |
| what is maintenance rehearsal? | repeating info to keep it in memory |
| what is elaborative rehearsal? | adding meaning or connecting info to existing knowledge |
| what is visual coding? | encoding info as images |
| what is acoustic coding? | encoding information by sound |
| what is semantic coding? | encoding information by meaning (strongest for long term memory) |
| Testing effect | retrieving info improves memory more than rereading |
| illusory truth effect | repeated statements feel more believable, even if false |
| misinformation effect | memory is distorted by misleading info after an event |
| serial position effect | better memory for early (primacy) and late (recency) items in a list |
| what is bayesian inference? | updating beliefs using new evidence and prior knowledge |
| inattentional blindness | not noticing something because attention is focused elsewhere |
| change blindness | failing to notice changes in a scene |
| attentional blindness | broad term for missing info due to limited attention |
| expected utility theory | people choose options that maximize overall benefit |
| risk aversion (avoidance) | preferring certainty over risk, even if risk could pay more |
| positive optimism bias | believing good things are more likely to happen to you than others |
| opt-in procedure | you must actively choose to participate |
| status quo bias | preference for leaving things as they are |
| Framing effect | decisions change based on wording (gain vs loss) |
| default mode network | active during rest, daydreaming, self reflection |
| executive control network | active during focus, planning, decision making, problem solving |
| MRI | structural images of the brain using magnets |
| fMRI | shows brain activity by tracking blood oxygen levels |
| PET scan | use radioactive tracers to measure brain metabolism |
| expected emotions | feelings you predict youll have |
| incidental emotions | feelings from unrelated events that influence decisions |
| resting potential | neurons stable negative charge when inactive |
| action potential | electrical signal that travels down the neuron |
| Track weighted imaging (diffusion) | MRI method that tracks water movement; used to measure white matter fiber tracks/connections |
| double dissociation | two functions operate independently (damage affects one but not the other) |
| semanticization | memories lose detail and become general knowledge over time |
| unconsious inference | Perception is a smart guess. The brain uses past experience to fill in missing information automatically (Helmholtz). We don’t “see” reality; we infer it. |
| gestalt approach | “The whole is different from the sum of its parts.” The brain organizes sensations into patterns using rules like proximity, similarity, closure, and good continuation. |
| Regularities approach | The brain uses statistical patterns in the environment. Two types: • Physical regularities (e.g., light-from-above, vertical/horizontal lines) • Semantic regularities (what usually appears in a scene) |
| bayesian approach | Perception = prior knowledge + current evidence. The brain calculates the most likely interpretation based on probability. |
| The 4 approaches to perception | bayesian approach, regularities approach, unconscious inference, gestalt approach |
| What is the paper folding test? | a spatial ability test where you imagine folding an unfolding a paper to predict where holes or marks will appear. It measure mental visualization |
| What is paired associate learning? | a memory process where two items (like a word and a picture) are learned together so that recalling one helps retrieve the other |
| What is a childs tendency to focus on only one aspect of a problem called? | centration; (common in Piagets preoperational stage) |
| What is the garden path model of parsing? | a theory stating that we initially interpret sentences in the simplest way, even if it turns out to be wrong and requires rereading |
| what is anaphoric inference? | connecting words like he or she to earlier nouns |
| what is casual inference? | inferring cause and effect relationships not directly stated |
| What is entrainment? | the synchronization of behavior or brain activity with external rhythms, such as tapping to music or synchronized movement in a conversation |
| What is the stroop task? | a task where people name the ink color of words while ignoring the word itself-showing how automatic processes interfere with attention |
| What is Basadurs process? | A creative problem solving model with four stages: 1. problem finding 2. Fact finding3. idea generation 4. solution implementation |
| What is focused attention meditation? | concentrating on one object (like breathing) and redirecting attention when distracted |
| what is open monitoring meditation? | observing all thoughts and sensations non-judgmentally without focusing on one thing |
| What is the difference between focused attention meditation and open monitoring meditation? | Focused is narrow attention Open is broad, awareness based attention |
| What is the falsification principle? | the idea that scientific theories must be testable and capable of being proven wrong |
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