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HISTORY FE Spring
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Stalin’s 5-Year Plan | (At the end of the first world war the Russian Revolution War occurs..pushing Russia out of war. Ed up signing a treaty and becoming a communist nation ) Intended to transform Russia into an industrial society. |
| Treaty of Versailles | end of WWI, ceasefire on 11. 11. 1918 at 11th hour Under this Germany was forced to pay for war damage, give up land to help create a new Polish state, return the Alsace Lorraine region to France. deal of unrest in Germany set the stage for WWII |
| How did Hitler think the Allies would react when he violated the Treaty of Versailles? | Was confident that western states who signed the Treaty of Versailles would not use Force to maintain the agreement. |
| Great Britain appeasement policy | (Great Britain was not eager to get into another conflict ) practiced appeasement , a few added concessions to Hitler who was asking for stuff. was based on British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s belief that Hilter would keep his promises. |
| What part of Czechoslovakia did Hitler take control of? | Sudetenland : Area of Czechoslovakia that Hitler was given to ‘appease’ him, the idea was that this appeasement would prevent war. |
| Hitler’s invasion of Poland | Great Britain and France declared war two days after Hitler’s invasion of Poland -Triggered Allies to mobilize against Germany and war began. 1939 |
| Muken Incident | An attack on a Japanese railway by Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese citizens Used this to send troops into northern China into the Manchuria region, starting to take large parts of China and East, west Asia |
| In 1940, Japan was forced to decide what? | To decide which it needed more: 1. Indochina’s raw materials 2. US oil and scrap iron Ended up invading Indochina and at this point, US has had enough and they placed an embargo on sales of oil and scrap iron to the Japanese→angers Japanese |
| What happened on December 7, 1941 | Japan launched a surprise attack on the US Pacific Fleet and Pearl Harbor. Not only devastated a large portion of the American military, but brought the US to the conflict of WWII. |
| Dunkirk | (The German troops came in quickly many Allies were trapped in Dunkirk) Heroic efforts by the Royal Navy and private civilians to evacuate 338,000 Allied troops. But was able to evacuate to Great Britain. -Saved lots of allies from potential capture |
| Blitzkrieg | The tactic that hitler used at the beginning of the war. Hitler’s form of accelerated attack that used tank divisions supported by air attacks. -For the first few years, this type of attack was very successful for the Germans. |
| Why did Hitler plan to conquer the Soviet Union? | To secure land for Germany and gain Slavic slaves to strengthen the Reich -Invaded the soviet union through operation Barborosa in 1941, and made it almost to Moscow but the Soviet pushed them back. (beginning the end for Hitler) |
| Battle of Stalingrad | Battle which turned the tide of the WWII in Europe as the entire German 6th Army lost |
| Battle of Midway Island | The turning point of WWII in the Pacific, helped establish US naval superiority over Japan. (engaged in island hopping) |
| Total War | Involves complete mobilization of resources and people to support the war effort. |
| Yalta Conference | In 1945, the USSR, US, and Great Britain all insisted that Germany surrender unconditionally. I don't want another truce. |
| Tehran Conference in 1943 | (Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met in Iran) To set a motion a plan divid Germany along a North -South line and to be managed by the Soviets, and the other by US, Great Britain, France. From 1949-1990 West Germany and East Germany were separate. |
| Why did Truman want to avoid invasion of Japan? | (when US moved its troops all the way up to Okinawa, the war in Europe was done, and Truman(v. President) wanted to end war) believed that Americans would suffer heavy losses in land invasion. Ends up using atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Nagasaki |
| Nazi's Final Solution | The architect of those death camps (=nazis Final solution) was Heinrich Himmler (one of Hitler’s closest advisors) |
| Extermination camps | What the Nazis built when the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) proved to be too slow. These camps in Poland (such as Auschwitz had gas chambers on site that allowed Nazis to murder millions. |
| Who were victims of Hitler (Holocaust)? | Jewish people Slavic people Gypsies |
| Marshall Plan | It was designed by the US to restore the economic stability of European nations after WWII. It was designed to give the US more allies in Europe and prevent future atrocities. |
| What did the U.S. and Great Britain believe that the liberated nations of Eastern Europe should do? | Thought they should hold free elections to determine their futures -Unfortunately Stalin and Soviets prevent that from happening |
| Warsaw Pact | Opposing the Marshall pact, the Soviets sought to create a military alliance between the Soviet Union and various Eastern European nations. |
| Cold War | The long period of political tension following WWII. -Immediately after the war the Soviet Union was no longer an Allies. -1945-1991 |
| What country became communist in 1949 which in turn made the U.S. fear the spread of communism? | China |
| Truman Doctrine | Stated that the US would provide money to nations threatened by communist expansion (China and Soviet Union) |
| What did Egyptian Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser do? | In 1956, he seized the Suez Canal from Great Britain and France |
| Fascist government | A strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler such as Mussolini and Hitler. |
| Nuremberg Laws | (Soon as Hitler took power he started passing laws that were meant to target the Jewish population of Germany that were blamed for Germany’s defeat in WWI & the poor economy Germany was suffering) The laws excluding Jewish people from German citizenship. |
| Three areas that Israel gained control of during the Six-Day War: | In 1967.. 1. Sinai Peninsula 2. West Bank Territory 3. Golan Heights |
| What was the Policy of Containment | The policy that the US adopted toward the Soviet Union to stop the spread of communism. |
| America feared what when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I Satellite in 1957 | Concerned that the Soviet Union was ahead of the US in the production of missiles and were winning the space race. |
| Who was fighting in Northern Ireland in the 60's and 70's that the British government struggled to address? | Catholics and Protestants -Time called the troubles |
| Red-Scare Movement | An anti-communist movement led by the US senator Joseph McCarthy. -Accused people of being secret communists in American government |
| Why was the Berlin Wall built? | To prevent East Germans from defecting West Germany |
| Gorbachev soon realized that economic reform would not succeed without what? | Political Reform -Perestoika -Glasnost |
| How did President Carter protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan? | By cancelling US participation in the 1980 Summer Olympic Games. It was held in Moscow. |
| By 1980 what was the Soviet Union ailing from? | A declining economy, rising infant mortality, and poor working conditions. |
| European Union's first goals | The establishment of a common European currency (Euro) |
| Why did Margaret Thatcher resign as Prime minister of Great Britain? | After her plan to replace local property taxes with national flat-rate tax was rejected. |
| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | Sought to establish cooperative trade guidelines between the US, Canada, and Mexico. |
| Why did the U.S. join allies in fighting WWI? | Was not involved until two years into the war BUT was brought into war bc use of unrestricted submarine warfare against ships. German u-boats were attacking American ships making American upset. (also zimmermann telegram led to the US into the war ) |
| Major causes of WWI | Militarism Alliance System Imperialism Nationalism (only three will be on the test) |
| Military plan by German General von Schlieffen | Called for war on two fronts -General von Schlieffen thought Germany should first fight France and then Russia, effectively dividing their army -was NOT a winning strategy |
| Western front characteristic | Trench Warfare on the Western Front kept both sides in virtually the same position for 4 years - fought in No Man’s Land (the area between trenches). - many deaths bc no progress -armistice(stop fighting) was signed, ceasefire (a truce) pause of war. |
| Central Powers | For WWI: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire |
| Militarism | The aggressive preparation for war which was growing along with many nation’s armies before WWI. -nations compete for colonies overseas, want to build military to compete for resources + land→conflict bc militaries fight escalated into first World War. |
| Third Reich | Hitler’s main goal in WWII: to create a Third Reich or German Empire |
| Paris Peace Conference | President Wilson proposed the League of Nations to prevent wars by help countries talk out their differences and mediate conflicts - formed, but U.S. didn’t join bc Congress opposed, w/o support FAILED to stop WWII -United Nations created |
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