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nerves anatomy
nervous system anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Central nervous system | composed of brain and spinal cord |
| interneurons | nerve cells that connect sensory and motor neurons |
| Neural tracts | pathways between different parts of the nervous system |
| Peripheral nervous system | composed of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to the tissues of the body |
| sensory (afferent) nerves | carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord |
| motor (efferent) nerves | carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord |
| Somatic nervous system | collect information and return instructions to the skin, muscles, and joints. Voluntary system |
| Autonomic nervous system | controls involuntary functions as internal sensory info is sent to CNS and motor impulses are sent to internal muscles like the heart, glands, and organs from the CNS |
| neurons | basic unit of the nervous system cells that carry out the work of the nervous system. also called "parenchymal cells" |
| glia | cells that provide a supportive function. also called "Stromal cells" |
| dendrites | projections from the cell body that receive neural impulses from a stimulus of some kind |
| axon | a slender, elongated projection that carries the neural impulse toward the next neuron |
| terminal fibers | small, branched ends of a nerve fiber (axon) that transits signals to other cells |
| axon terminal | small, knob-like ending of an axon branch that acts as the output site of a neuron |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers produced by neurons that transmit signals across a tiny gap called the "synapse" to other neurons, muscle cells, or glands |
| myelin sheath | a protective, fatty substance that wraps around the nerve fibers in the brain and body. produced by the Schwann cells |
| neurilemma | the outer cell membrane of the Schwann cell |
| synapse | the space between terminal fibers and dendrites of the next cell |
| neuroglia | physically holds neurons together and protects them |
| Astrocytes | connect neurons and blood vessels and form the blood-brain barrier |
| blood-brain barrier | prevents or slows the passage of some drugs and disease-causing organism to the CNS |
| Ependymal cells | line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid |
| oligodendroglia | cover the axons of neurons in the central nervous system, forming the myelin sheath |
| microglia | perform an active protective function by engulfing and ingesting infectious organisms |
| cerebrum | largest portion of the brain, divided into two hemispheres |
| cerebral cortex | thin, wrinkled outer layer of the cerebrum composed of gray matter |
| sulci | shallow grooves on the surface of the brain that separate the rounded folds |
| gyri | wrinkles on the outer surface of the cerebral cortex that maximize the surface of the brain |
| frontal lobe | contains the function of speech and the motor area that controls voluntary movement on the contralateral side of the body. Also in charge of personality, emotions, and problem solving |
| temporal lobes | contain the auditory and olfactory areas, and are where sequencing and memory occur |
| parietal lobes | control sensations of touch and taste and also control spatial perception |
| occipital lobe | responsible for vision |
| insular lobes | responsible for empathy, interceptive awareness, and cognition |
| corpus callosum | thick band of nerve fibers that joins the two hemispheres of the cerebrum |
| basal ganglia | a collection of structures located under the cerebrum responsible for voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, and habit formation |
| diencephalon | composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus and acts as a primary relay center connecting the cerebral hemispheres, brainstem, and spinal cord |
| thalamus | responsible for relaying sensory information and translating it into sensations of pain, temperature, and touch |
| hypothalamus | small, almond-sized region at base of the brain that acts as the body's main control center and maintains homeostasis |
| epithalamus | connects limbic system to the rest of the brain |
| brainstem | connects the cerebral hemispheres to the spinal cord |
| midbrain | controls eye and head movements, vision, and hearing. Connects the pons and cerebellum |
| cerebral peduncles | motor nerve fibers that connect to the spinal cord and cerebellum |
| pons | regulates sleep, facial movements, and breathing. Serves as a bridge between the medulla oblongata and cerebrum |
| basis pontis | anterior part of the pons that has a role in motor functions |
| locus ceruleus | "blue spot" functions in the physiological response to stress |
| medulla oblongata | regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing |
| cerebellum | coordinates voluntary movement. located below the occipital lobe of cerebrum |
| spinal cord | a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue that extends from the brainstem down the center of the back. Main pathway for info connecting the brain to the rest of the body and is protected by the vertebral column |
| conus medullaris | end of the spinal cord |
| cauda equina | collection of nerve roots that extends from the conus medullaris |
| meninges | three thin layers of membranes that cover, protect, and support the brain and spinal cord |
| dura mater | tough, fibrous outer layer of the meninges |
| tentorium cerebella | extension of dura mater that separates cerebellum from lower part of occipital lobe |
| subdural space | the space between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane |
| arachnoid membrane | thin, delicate middle layer of the meninges that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebrospinal fluid | clear fluid that protects brain and spinal cord, removes waste products, and monitors for internal changes |
| ventricles | fluid filled cavities in the brain containing CSF |
| pia mater | innermost thin, vascular membrane of the meninges |
| choroid plexus | membrane within the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord that is lined with ependymal cells that produce CSF |
| peripheral nerves | a combination of afferent (sensory) nerves and efferent (motor nerves) |
| autonomic nervous system | responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions. divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| sympathetic nervous system | triggers the body's rapid involuntary fight or flight response to danger or stress. The heart rate and blood pressure increase, digestive processes slow, and sweat and adrenal glands increase secretions |
| parasympathetic nervous system | sometimes called the "rest and digest" system. slows heart rate, lowers blood pressure, increases digestion, and decreases adrenal and sweat gland activity |
| cranial nerves | 12 total. each has a different function |
| plexus | a network formed by several nerve fibers |
| ganglia | collection of cell bodies in the PNS |
| dermatomes | skin surface areas supplied by a single afferent spinal nerve |
| myotomes | areas of muscles that are supplied by a single efferent spinal nerve |
| olfactory nerve | first cranial nerve. responsible for sense of smell |
| optic nerve | second cranial nerve. transmits visual information to the brain from the retina |
| oculomotor nerve | third cranial nerve. responsible for moving the eyes, lifting eyelids, and controlling pupil size |
| trochlear nerve | fourth cranial nerve. enables downward, inward, and outward eye movement |
| trigeminal nerve | fifth cranial nerve. has three main branches the ophthalmic nerve, mandibular nerve, and the maxillary nerve |
| ophthalmic nerve | receives sensory information from the eye (except the retina) and the skin of the forehead and nose. one of the branches of the trigeminal nerve |
| mandibular nerve | has both sensory and motor functions for the lower jaw. one of the branches of the trigeminal nerve |
| maxillary nerve | receives sensory information from the teeth of the upper jaw, sinuses, and skin of the midface. one of the branches of the trigeminal nerve |
| abducens nerve | sixth cranial nerve. allows you to move your eyes outward |
| facial nerves | seventh cranial nerve. controls facial muscles used for things like smiling, frowning, and closing your eyes and also transmits taste from the front of the tongue |
| vestibulocochlear nerve | eighth cranial nerve. transmits sensory info about hearing and balance from the inner ear to the brain |
| glossopharyngeal nerve | ninth cranial nerve. helps you swallow, taste, produce saliva, and monitor blood pressure |
| vagus nerve | tenth cranial nerve. involuntarily regulates essential functions such as slowing the heart rate, stimulating digestion, controlling breathing, and reducing inflammation |
| spinal accessory nerve | eleventh cranial nerve. controls the muscles for turning your head and moving your shoulders up and down |
| hypoglossal nerve | twelfth cranial nerve. controls almost all movements of the tongue |
| somat/o | body |
| encephal/o | brain |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum |
| cortic/o | cortex |
| dendr/o | dendrite |
| dur/o | dura mater |
| pallid/o | globus pallidum |
| lob/o | lobe |
| mening/o, meningi/o | meninges |
| neur/o | nerve |
| rhiz/o, radicul/o | nerve root |
| home/o | same |
| dermat/o | skin |
| cord/o, chord/o, myel/o | spinal cord |
| astr/o | star |
| ventricul/o | ventricle |
| vestibul/o | vestibule |
| -cyte | cell |
| -glia | glue |
| -on | structure |
| -stasis | stopping, controlling |
| -tome | instrument used to cut |
| AD | Alzheimer's disease |
| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| ANS | autonomic nervous system |
| BBB | blood-brain barrier |
| C1-C8 | cervical nerves |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| CP | cerebral palsy |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
| CTS | carpal tunnel syndrome |
| EEG | electroencephalogram |
| L1-L5 | lumbar nerves |
| LP | lumbar puncture |
| MCI | mild cognitive impairment |
| MD | muscular dystrophy |
| MS | multiple sclerosis |
| PD | Parkinson's disease |
| PNS | peripheral nervous system |
| PPS | postpolio syndrome |
| PSG | polysomnography |
| S1-S5 | sacral nerves |
| SNS | somatic nervous system |
| T1-T12 | thoracic nerves |
| TBI | traumatic brain injury |
| TENS | transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
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