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Bio 111 exam 3 KEY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| compare/contrast arbuscular fungi and lichens | arbuscular fungi: mutualists that live in close relations with plant roots. they provide the plant with water and nutrients, while the plant gives sugar (in soil) lichens: mutualists among fungi, algae, and cyanobacteria (aboveground) |
| compare/contrast clonal deletion and clonal selection | clonal deletion: elimination of B and T cells that attack your own immune system (to prevent autoimmune diseases) clonal selection: B and T cells are pre-programmed to recognize specific antigens before exposure (cells multiplied if they're favorable) |
| compare/contrast sporophyte and gametophyte | gametophyte- makes gametes (haploid) sporophytes- makes spores (diploid) sporophytes are the dom. stage for ferns, while gametophytes are the dom. stage for mosses |
| what is the bran of a seed? | protective seed coat surrounding the embryo and its food stores |
| what is the endosperm of a seed? | the food stores for the embryo |
| what is the germ of a seed? | the embryo |
| what is the function to the basidiomycete of the structure that forms the cap of mushrooms sold in stores? | the cap is where the spores are produced and the structure projects the spores away from the ground so they can be dispersed |
| what is one characteristic of echinodermata that places echinodermata in bilateria and one characteristic that places echinodermata in deuterostomes rather than cnidaria and ctenophora? | bilateria- the larvae are bilaterally symmetrical, cephalization, triploblastic deuterostomes- blastopore becomes an anus |
| what is the synapomorphy for echinodermata? | water vascular system |
| explain why metabolic rate increases linearly with increasing speed in humans and exponentially in fish | fish- curve is exponential because water is viscous and air is not humans- as we inc. speed, so does rate of O2 consumption. we need more O2 in our system during rigorous exercise |
| why is it important for bacteria to add a methyl group to their own DNA? | they protect their DNA from endonucleases (prevents getting cut) |
| define neoteny and explain why the ability to learn as adults in humans is an example. | neoteny: retention of juvenile traits into adulthood. learning as adults seems to be neotenous traits b/c our close relatives, chimps & gorillas, actively learn when they are young but cease to do so as adults |
| explain how the change in total cross-sectional area of the circulatory system is consistent w/ predictions of Fick's Law | fick's law: describes the conditions needed for cells to obtain O2 and release CO2 by diffusion. if there's a greater surface area, then there's a higher diffusion rate. |
| how do flowering plants prevent self-pollination when pollen from the same plant lands on the stigma? | pollen has no food stores and relies on the female structure to provide the energy to grow the pollen tube that extends to the ova. pollen from self is not given nutrients for pollen tube growth & fertilization |
| during the daytime, what is the primary factor that limits sugar production by plants that use C3 photosyntehsis and are well-watered? | the rate that rubisco works |
| during the daytime, what is the primary factor that limits sugar production by a plant that uses C3 photosynthesis and has closed stomata? | amount of CO2 |
| what are three structures in plant cells that aren't found in animal cells? | chloroplasts, stomata, and large central vacuole |
| explain how phylogeny supports the hypothesis that new world monkeys colonized the western hemisphere once. | they're a monophyletic group, so there was one colonization event of the western hemisphere. ancestor @ 40 mya was in the eastern hemisphere b/c all nodes above and below figure are from eastern hemis. |
| why is the countercurrent gas exchange superior to the cocurrent mechanism? | instead of water and blood flowing the same way, they flow opposite to create a conc. gradient. this allows for greater absorption of O2 in the blood, and the blood can carry O2 faster to the rest of body |
| cells in the embryo w/ radial cleavage are totipotent at what stage? | zygote, 8-cell stage |
| cells in the embryo are pluripotent at what stage | blastula to gastrula |
| southern elephant seals are the deepest diving pinnipeds and achieve neutral buoyancy for their dives by storing O2 where? | muscles and blood |
| what happens with stroke rate and amplitude when dive duration increases? | stroke rate: for deep and shallow dives are generally the same, so indiv. keep their rates consistent stroke amp: generally decreases to conserve energy for deep dives |
| what is the diff. between structural and non-structural carbon? | structural: locked up in the dead wood that forms the bulk of large trees non-structural: carbohydrates, etc. in the phloem, xylem, and growing tissues of the tree |
| how did researchers use info about bomb testing to determine how old carbon stores were that allowed for the trees to resprout after burns? | used radioactive carbon to date how old the carbon stores were/how long ago the C in emerging buds had been produced by photosynthesis |
Created by:
madalynes