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Scottish studies fin
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ethnology | comparative and theoretical-research on regional cultures |
| ethnography | descriptive and methodological-data on regional cultures |
| folklore | oral tradition |
| folklife | material and social culture |
| history of ethnology-the folk | 1850-1950-folklore |
| history of ethnology-the nation | 1950-1975-relationship between core and periphery, traditional characteristics of regions |
| history of ethnology-class | 1975-present-focus on modern society, sociological methods |
| ethnology today | oral tradition, repartee, class relations, jobs, gender roles, customs, material culture, etc |
| scottish ethnology | unique for long historical reach, strong record of publishing, pioneering methodology |
| 4 peoples of Scotland (800 CE) | Picts (Pictish, Scotland), Gaels (Gaelic, western Scotland), Angles (English, north England), Britons (British/Welsh, north England) |
| Norse | 5th peoples-evidence of Viking settlements in place names and archaeological evidence |
| 4 people of Scotland (900 CE) | Picts fade away-Britons (Strathclyde/Cambria), Angles (Lothian), Norse, Gael/Scots (Alba) |
| Ptolomey's map of Scotland | 150 CE-first known written source for northern Britons |
| British languages | Welsh, Cornish, Breton, likely Pictish |
| Gaelic languages | Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic |
| Northumbria | 700-Bernicia and Deira become Northumbria (all English kingdoms), conquer Gododdin and Rheged |
| Bede | Northumbrian monk-writes books-history of English people c 731-coined 4 peoples, 5 languages |
| 4 peoples, 5 languages | 8th century-Picts (Pictish, Scotland), Britons (British, southern Scotland/Wales), English (Old English, England), Gaels/Scots (Gaelic/Old Irish, Ireland), Latin |
| English written sources | Bede, Northern English chronicles (c 12th), Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (late 9th) |
| Hagiographical material | Saints Lives (12th), St Nynia/Ninian (12th), St Patrick (5th-7th), St Columba (c. 700) |
| Aneirin and Taliesin | Welsh poets-wrote epic poems about historical kings |
| Fall of Gododdin | caused by death of Urien of Rheged (c. 580s), conquered by Northumbria/Bernicia |
| Owain ap Dyfnwal | last king of Strathclyde (c. 1018) |
| 4 people of Britain (1050 CE) | Irish (Ireland), Scots (Scotland), English (England), Britons (Wales) |
| Yr Hen Ogledd | Old North-British kingdoms-Gododdin, Rheged, Ystrad Clud/Strathclyde |
| Picts | ancient people of Scotland-mentioned in Roman sources-little evidence of language and culture-some writings from Bede, Christianity from 7th c on, Ogham inscriptions-faded from records in 10th century |
| Gaels | ancient people of Scotland-lots of written evidence (poetry, literature, history, etc), spoke Gaelic, hierarchical society, dominated by Christianity |
| Alba | Formed in 9th/10th centuries-unclear how it formed (perhaps union of Picts and Gaelic but unlikely)- Pictish land with strong Gaelic culture |
| Scots | language spoken in Scotland, evolved from Germanic-> Old English-> Old Northumbrian-> Scots |
| Scots loan words | Old Norse and Danish, French, Latin, Gaelic |
| Resurgence of Modern Scots | Scots Language Awards (2019-present)-brings together Scots speakers/creatives to celebrate the language |
| Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Alpín) | United Scotland (Gaels and Picts) in 843 CE |
| Celtic migration | Gauls-> Ireland (400 BCE), then to Scotland (300 CE)-Gaelic came to Scotland in 4th/5ht century CE |
| Dál Riata | Gaelic kingdom in western Scotland/eastern Ireland-peaked in 7th century |
| Gaelic decline | 11th century-kings Malcom Ceannmor and David I-English-speaking, popularized English |
| Highland line | linguistic border between Gaelic and Scots/English-stablizied in 1350-1400, static until 1750 |
| Statutes of Iona | 1609-1610, 1616-required Highland clan chiefs to send their sons to be educated in Protestant/English-speaking schools (James VI) |
| 1500 CE | 150,000 Gaelic speakers, 50% of population |
| 2022 CE | 69,701 Gaelic speakers, 1.2% of population |
| Characteristics of Gaelic | VSO, initial mutations (first letter of a word changes due to meaning implied), tense through mutations |
| Paris map | c. 1250-first map of British Isles |
| Timothy Pont | 77 maps on 38 sheets-9,500 place names |
| Atlas Novus | Made by Johann Blaeu in 1654-first atlas of Scotland |
| Map made in 1300 | centered Jerusalem-Britain off to the side as edge of known world |
| William Roy’s maps of Scotland | Highlands 1747-55, Lowlands ?-1755 |
| Ordnance survey | 1843-present-Great Britain's national mapping survey |
| toponymy | study of place-names-geography, linguistics, history |
| place-name structure | specific (description, noun/adjective) and generic (type of thing, noun) |
| stratum | layer of language that influences other languages |
| context | how names relate to things-Pig Hill |
| St Jerome, John of Fordun, Hector Boece, William Camden | 4th-17th centuries-perpetuated cruel and untrue stereotypes about Scots and Highlanders (cannibals, lawless, magical) |
| English Travelogue of Scotland | start of 17th century-logs of Scotland-often writers had never been, politically motivated, facts, lies, mockery |
| Barriers for early travelers | Linguistic barrier, poor infrastructure, monetarily poor inns, viewed as dangerous, letters of introduction needed |
| Martin Martin | 1655?-1718-fluent Gaelic Skye-man-educated in Edinburgh, surveyed Hebrides |
| Edmund Burt | ?-1755-British gov official, worked in Inverness, wrote details about 18th century Highland life |
| James Boswell and Samuel Johnson | toured and wrote about Highlands and Isles in 18th century |
| Opening up of Highlands | Improved infrastructure, defeat of Jacobites in 1747, publication of Ossian by MacPherson in 1760 (favorable towards Highlanders) |
| Highland customs | cattle raiding, barefoot, piety, tobacco and whisky addiction |
| OSA | 1791-99-938 parishes received surveys, ministers asked to report on parishes |
| NSA | 1834-45-same methodology as OSA, asked about contrast from OSA |
| John Sinclair | 1754-1835-administrator of OSA and NSA-born into nobility, sent surveys to parish ministers |
| OSA and NSA issues | vary in length and content, bias from ministers (self-reporting) |
| Scottish Enlightenment | 1688/1707-1832-intellectual movement in Scotland, Golden Age 1760-90-reason, edification, moderation, tolerance |
| Glorious Revolution | 1688-deposition of King James II |
| Union of Parliaments | 1707-union of England and Scotland into Great Britain |
| Sir Walter Scott | died 1832-Scottish poet, novelist, historian |
| Select Society | 1754-1763-improve manners and language of Scottish society, debate morality and philosophy |
| David Hume | 1711-1776-Scottish philosopher and key Enlightenment figure-wrote A Treatise on Human Nature (1734-37)-believed all science was science of man, morality didn't require religion, cause and effect |
| Adam Smith | 1723-1790-founder of modern capitalism, wrote Wealth of Nations |
| Wealth of Nations | 1776-Adam Smith, beginning of modern economics-supply and demand, wealth measured by output of labor, proponent of open markets and laissez-faire economics |
| James Hutton | 1726-1797-scientist-dynamic crust and hot interior of Earth, Deep Tme |
| Burgh | administrative division-essentially a city or town |
| tenement | early apartment buildings in cities, grew vertically-merchants on ground floor, wealthy families on first floor, poorer people in attics |
| Wade's roads | Roads to Highlands built in 18th century, transformed Scotland and facilitated Industrial Revolution |
| Industrialization | increased standard of living, creation of new social strata, steam power to coal power |
| Highland clearances | 1760-1850-migration of people from Highlands to cities due to crop failure, changing social system, perceived economic potential in cities |
| antiquarianism | urge to collect songs driven by fear of decay, decline of pastoral age, "corrupting" process of oral tradition |
| romanticism | intellectual, literary, artistic movement-emotion, sentiment, imagination-cultural nationalism. recognition of vernacular speech and song |
| instrumental music | classical and filk boundaries were fluid, rise of dance |
| popular songs | composed for print market, intended to be sung to well-known Scots/English tunes |
| broadside ballads | long narrative songs, printed on paper, early tabloid press |
| folk songs | oral tradition-continuity, variation, selection |
| chapbooks | small booklets made from a folded sheet of paper-all kinds of content |
| slip songs | material printed on a sheet of paper and cut into strips |
| manuscript collections | spontaneous, personal, antiquarianism |
| print collections | books entering marketplace |
| Allan Ramsay | 1684-1758-songwriter and collector, promoted interest in creation and collection of Scots song |
| Robert Burns | 1759-1796-Scotland's national bard, poet, collector of songs and tunes, songwriter |
| Book of the Dun Cow | 11th century-oldest fully Gaelic manuscript |
| Ossian | 1762-James MacPherson-collection of poems of Fenian bard "Oisean"-largely fradulent |
| John Francis Campbell | 1821-1885-collector of Gaelic folklore, revolutionary methodology-gathered ethnographic and contextual data on speakers, had speakers narrate stories once for natural flow and once for transcription-transcribed word for word |
| Popular Tales of the West Highlands | 1862 (volume 1)-Campbell's collection of folklore from the Highlands-86 stories, well-received |
| Alexander Carmichael | 1832-1912-friend of JFC, published Carmina Gadelica-hymns and religious texts from the Outer Isles, in Gaelic and English |
| Simon Fraser's Collection | 1815-no words, just melodies |
| Albyn's Anthology | 1816-18-Alexander Campbell, first collection to link words with music |
| Frances Tolmie | 1840-1926-Gaelic speaker, first collector to offer songs true to origin-105 songs of Occupation (1911) |
| Marjory Kennedy Foster | 1857-1930-reworked songs for popular performance-Songs of the Hebrides (1908) |
| Margaret Fay Shaw | 1903-2004-American musician, collector of Gaelic song-Folksongs and Folklore of South Uist (1956)-unparalleled collection of songs and folklore |
| School of Scottish Studies | founded in 1951-material culture fieldwork, map collection, Scots law, oral tradition-30,000+ recordings, publishes Tocher (Gaelic song journal) from 1971-on |
| Early Gaelic song collectors | did not connect music and words, took liberties with collection |
| Later Gaelic song collectors | recording technology, tried to accurately record songs, gathered ethnographic data |
| John Lorne Campbell | 1906-1996-prime instigator for School of Scottish Studies |
| Coal mining labor | Family teams-men mined coal, women and children transported it to surface |
| Serfdom | 1606-1799 (Emancipation Act)-men took arles (binding contracts) as unfree laborers |
| Factory Act | 1833-improved conditions and safety |
| Mines and Collieries Act | 1842-no women or boys under 10 to work in mines |
| Mining culture | coal companies controlled housing-but people had strong unions, pubs, sports, music, mutual aid, co-ops |
| Old Highland system | Agriculture-heavy-Chiefs (owned land)>tacksmen (higher social status tenant)> undertenant> crofter |
| Steelbow contract | landlord gave tenant crops and farm equipment, tenant had to return what was given at end of contract |
| 19th century Highlands | Market decline, famine, decline of farming led to mass immigration from Highlands |
| Crofters' Act | 1886-security of tenure, right to pass croft on, compensation for improvement |
| croft | small agricultural land unit, unique tenancy contract, primarily in Highlands and Islands-crofters shared communal grazing land and operated their own plots |
| Herring | takes off in 18th century, migration patterns mean it can be fished year round in various parts of Scotland |
| Yole | Northern Isles fishing boat |
| fishing communities | emerge in 18th century-viewed as "set apart"-self-sufficient, strong kinship and mutual aid, superstitious |
| Eyemouth disaster | 1881-189 men died at sea in storm |
| Harris Tweed | established as a trademark in 1907-all handmade wool fabric from the Outer Hebrides (Lewis and Harris) |
| David Dale | 1739-1806-entrepreneur and philanthropist-built first mill at New Lanark, had child laborers but educated them |
| Robert Owen | 1771-1858-Dale's successor at New Lanark, increased discipline but established co-op and sick fund, philanthropist |
| Early Scottish emigration | Merchants (lots went to Poland), warriors, and scholars/clergy |
| Ulster plantation schemes | land in Ireland given to Scots-English/Scottish undertakers, English government officials, Trinity College and church land returned to them |
| North Carolina | Cape Fear settlement-peaked immigration 1740-1810-financial and land incentives, brought Scottish culture with them to NC-maintained for 3 generations-tacksmen and tenant immigrants |
| Nova Scotia | Huge settlement in Canada-40,000 Scottish immigrants between 1773-1850-land incentive-kept all elements of Scottish culture, Gaelic is still spoken today-crofter immigrants |
| run-rig farming | old way-communal land management, land division, rotation-precursor to crofting |
| Scottish government Scots language policy | 2015-raise awareness of Scots as an indigenous language, provide approach to teaching, access to resources and support |
| Scottish Language Act | 2025-Scots given official status as a language, provides legislation for preservation and education |
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