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Fire
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Convection | the movement of heat through air or liquid |
| Conduction | the movement of heat through touch |
| Radiation | the movement of heat through energy |
| Flame length | the length of the flame from the base to the tip |
| Rate of Spread | how fast a fire is moving, measured in acres/hours |
| Fireline intensity | how quickly the fire is moving, how much heat is being generated, and how long the flames are |
| how does flame length, rate of spread, and Fireline intensity affect each other? | The longer the flame length the faster the rate of spread will be. The faster the rate of spread the more intense the fireline will be. |
| How does flame length, rate of spread, and fireline intensity influence the ability to control a fire? | The longer the flames are, the faster the rate of spread and the more intense a fire becomes, the more difficult it will be to control it. Longer flames means the fire can reach into the crown and start a crown fire. |
| The 5 characteristics that relate to the probability of ignition | Drought, fuel load, atmospheric conditions, previous management strategies, current management stratagies |
| The 5 factors that increase the chance of fire whirls | heat, atmospheric conditions, obstacles, blackened ground, boxed canyons, and slope form |
| The 5 general products resulting from burning wildland fuels | Carbon dioxide, steam, carbon monoxide, tar, and char |
| The 5 fuel characteristics that influence fire behavior | Size of fuel, shape of fuel, moisture content, chemical makeup, biology |
| The 3 steps of the combustion proces | Pre-combustion, combustion, extinction |
| The 3 reasons why wildland fires may move faster uphill than downhill | Heat moves upwards facilitating its movement, wind drives fires up hills by blowing embers into the crown, crown fires may influence the spread |
| The 3 parts of wood | Lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose |
| Lignin | provides structural support and contributes to glowing fires |
| Hemicellulose | contributes to glowing combustion but provides more energy to burn |
| Cellulose | contributes to flaming combustion |
| Single point ignition | ignition from a single point that can spread out, consuming an initial area. Typically, this stage is self-sufficient and if it does not manage to grow then it will die. Subsequent stage is more intense and spread quickly |
| What is erratic fire behavior? | When a fire becomes unpredictable |
| When do you get erratic fire behavior? | During unstable conditions |
| Signs of an erratic fire | Torching, spotting, firewhirls, better smoke dispersal, rapid fuel consumption |
| Regulated fire | controlled fire with controlled inputs and outputs |
| free burning fire | variable conditions, variable outputs |
| Thermal conductivity | how easily heat can be transferred through an object |
| Diffusivity | The transfer of heat from the exterior to the interior |
| Exothermic reactions | releasing heat accumulated during preignition |
| Endothermic | absorbing heat from the surrounding area |
| The four fuel complexes | Grass, Brush, Forest, and Slash |
| Grass fuel complex | alone or with brush/forest, high fireline intensities and rate of spread, almost total above-ground vegetation removal, regrowth responds quickly |
| Brush fuel complex | Wide range of fuels, enlarged fuel depths, small fuels loose and readily available, fire effects vary with fire intensity |
| Forest Fuel complex | Mix of fuel sizes lots of large sizes, fuel depth often shallow, complex fuels and complex burns, can burn only parts of the complex like the understory |
| Slash fuel complex | Mix of fuel sizes, lots of large sizes, fuels left in rows, very explosive mix, fine fuels spread rapidly, large fuels provide large fire characteristics |
| National Fire Danger Rating System | Sothern region, 20 classes such as: E (hardwood litter dominates) and C (Grassy fuels/pine litter), 3 slash types |
| National Forest Fire Lab Stylized System | Rocky Mountain region with 13 initial classes: 3 grass, 4 shrub, 3 timber, 3 slash |
| Fuel classes | 1 hour, 10 hour, 100 hour, 1000 hour |
| Downed woody fuels are often classified by a size and time relationship, what is that relationship? | Woody fuels are classed based on the diameter. The larger the diameter of the fuel the higher the classification is. Each class describes how long it would take for the fuel to reach an equilibrium of moisture content with the environment |
| Stable atmosphere | A stable atmosphere is where there's unlikely to be any major changes. Signs of a stable atmosphere can include hazy or limited vision, clear or partly cloudy sky's, and higher temperatures. |
| Unstable atmospheres | more prone to sudden changes which can drastically alter fire behavior. Signs of an unstable atmosphere an include thunderstorms, cumulus clouds, drops in temperature, and fire tornados |
| 5 weather variables that affect atmospheric stability | Pressure systems, atmospheric lifting, Temperature, Topography, seasonality |
| 5 indicators of stable atmospheric conditions | High pressure systems, subsiding air, steady winds, stratus clouds, and inversions |
| 5 indicators of unstable atmospheric conditions | low pressure systems, rising air, dust devils, vertical air movement |
| Types of wind | Gradient winds: high to low pressure areas, Foehn Winds: gradient wind with topography, Frontal wind: associated with mass air movement |
| Inversion layers: | when warm air is incapable of rising and is trapped by cooler air below it |
| Burning Period | Daily, often between 10am and 4pm |
| Fire Period | 2-10 day window of conditions favorable to fires |
| Fire Season | Annual occurrence of fires based on long-term records |
| Methods of Detection | Patrol, Fixed Ground, Aerial, and Remote Sensing |
| Patrol detection | The use of people on the ground to detect fires |
| Fixed Ground detection | Things such as firetowers |
| Aerial detection | searching from aircraft |
| Standard fire fighting orders | 1. Post lookouts, 2. Be alert, 3. Maintain communications, 4. clear instructions, 5. Keep informed of fire weather conditions, 6. be aware of the fire, 7. use information on conditions, 8. have escape routes, 9. control firefighters, 10. BE AGRESSIVE. |
| Common characteristics of large fires in the US | Weather: drought, high winds, high temps, and low RH. Timing: during, past, and before. Fuel: natural and modified. Cause: natural and human. |
| Economic theories used in fire management in the US over the past 100 years. | Provide adequate protection such as fire insurance, reduce damage to less than 0.1% of total area or no more than 15% of all the areas that are more than 10 acres, and minimize pre-suppression and suppression costs |
| Sources of wildfires as identified by the USFS | Equipment, Forest Utilization, Incendiary, Land Occupancy, Lightning, Recreation, Smoking, and Miscellaneous |
| What are four problems with using fire scars for determining fire history? | Fires can sometimes kill the tree and/or leave a scar, fires can leave false scares, and you cannot determine fire history with fire scars on grasslands |
| Native American uses of fire | Hunting, As a weapon, cooking, insects, and cultural reasons |
| The 4 overall Objectives of fire management | Forest Protection, the Creation of Better Plans, Better Transportation, better tools |
| The 4 US fire protection program goals | Prevent unwanted ignitions, modify fire behavior and the effects by altering the fire environment, suppress wildfires, and exploit controlled fires |
| What major political action influences fire management, and why is there often confusion in the federal agencies regarding this? | Demanding that all fires be put out. Different agencies have different objectives |
| 5 attitudes regarding fire that Europeans brought to the US | Mediterranean: herding. Scandinavian: agriculture, chop and burn. Western Europeans: land clearing, stubble removal |
Created by:
FireBat