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AQA Psych MS defs Mr
A level Psychology mark scheme definitions (memory p1)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Multi‑Store Model (MSM) | A structural model proposing that memory consists of three separate stores (sensory register, short‑term memory, long‑term memory) and that information flows between them through attention and rehearsal. |
| Sensory Register | The first memory store where sensory information is briefly held in a raw, unprocessed form with very large capacity but extremely short duration. |
| Short‑Term Memory (STM) | A temporary store with limited capacity (about 7±2 items) and duration (around 18–30 seconds), encoding mainly acoustically but sometimes visual. |
| Long‑Term Memory (LTM) | A permanent memory store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration, encoding mainly semantically. |
| Maintenance Rehearsal | Repeating information to keep it in STM; prolonged rehearsal transfers information to LTM. |
| Prolonged Rehearsal | Rehearsal carried out long enough to enable transfer of information from STM to LTM. |
| Episodic Memory | A type of LTM for personal experiences, including contextual details (time, place) and emotional states; consciously retrieved. |
| Semantic Memory | A type of LTM containing general knowledge, facts, and meanings independent of personal experience. |
| Procedural Memory | A type of LTM for motor skills and actions; retrieved unconsciously and resistant to forgetting. |
| WMM | A model of STM created by Baddely and Hitch (1974) that describes it as an active system with multiple components responsible for different types of processing. |
| Central Executive | The supervisory component that allocates attention and coordinates the slave systems; limited capacity. |
| Phonological Loop | A subsystem that processes verbal and auditory information; limited capacity. |
| Phonological Store | The “inner ear” that holds speech‑based information for 1–2 seconds. |
| Articulatory Control System | The “inner voice” that rehearses verbal information and converts written words into speech‑based code. |
| Visuo‑Spatial Sketchpad | A subsystem that processes visual and spatial information; limited capacity. |
| Inner Scribe | The component of the VSS that processes spatial and movement information. |
| Visual Cache | The component of the VSS that stores visual form and colour. |
| Episodic Buffer | A temporary store integrating information from the slave systems and LTM into a single episodic representation. |
| Interference | Forgetting due to two sets of information competing, causing reduced recall. |
| Proactive Interference | Old information interferes with the recall of new information. |
| Retroactive Interference | New information interferes with the recall of old information. |
| Similarity | Interference is strongest when the two sets of information are similar in content |
| Retrieval Failure | Forgetting due to absence of sufficient cues needed to access stored information. |
| Cue | A trigger that aids recall by linking to the memory trace. |
| Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP) | Tulving suggests that memory is improved when the cue present at retrieval matches the cue present at encoding. |
| Context‑Dependent Forgetting | Forgetting due to a mismatch between environmental cues at encoding and retrieval. |
| State‑Dependent Forgetting | Forgetting due to a mismatch between internal states (e.g., mood, physiology) at encoding and retrieval. |
| Leading Question | A question that suggests a particular answer, potentially distorting memory. |
| Post Event Discussion | When witnesses discuss the event with others, leading to memory contamination or distortion. |
| Memory Contamination | When witnesses combine misinformation from others with their own memory. |
| Memory Conformity | When witnesses change their memory to align with others due to social pressure or uncertainty. |
| Anxiety | A state of emotional arousal involving physiological stress responses that can affect memory accuracy. |
| Weapon Focus Effect | When attention is drawn to a weapon, reducing recall of other details due to narrowed attention. |
| Yerkes–Dodson Law | The relationship between anxiety and performance follows an inverted‑U shape: moderate anxiety enhances recall, but very low or high anxiety impairs it. |
| Cognitive Interview (CI) | A police interviewing technique designed to improve accuracy of EWT through memory‑enhancing strategies. |
| Enhanced Cognitive Interview (ECI) | A version of the CI that includes additional social and communication techniques to improve witness–interviewer interaction. |
| Capacity | The amount of information a memory store can hold. |
| Duration | The length of time information can be held in a memory store. |
| Coding | The format in which information is stored in memory (e.g., acoustic, semantic). |
| Serial Position Effect | Tendency to recall first and last items in a list better than middle items. |
| Primacy Effect | Better recall of early list items due to rehearsal into LTM. |
| Recency Effect | Better recall of last list items because they remain in STM. |
Created by:
Imgonnagetin