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Nervous System+Skull
Nervous System and Skull Injuries
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the central nervous system? What does it do? | The central nervous system is the brain and the spinal cord. It is responsible for thought, feeling perception and autonomic body functions. |
| What is the peripheral nervous system? What does it do? | Nerves outside the brain and brainstem.( Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sensory and motor nerves.) It works to transmit commands from the brain to the body and receives feedback from the body |
| What is Neurogenic Shock? What receptor is involved? | Temporary loss of autonomic function which controls cardiovascular function at the level of the injury. Vasodilation happens below the level of injury. Loss of alpha receptor stimulation. |
| What is Cushing's Triad | Increased ICP causes hypertension, bradycardia and irregular respirations. (Cheyene-stokes) |
| Neurogenic Shock Signs and Symptoms | Hypotension, bradycardia, warm, dry and flushed skin below the level of the spinal lesion |
| What is a TBI? | Traumatic brain injury. It is an injury to the brain which can cause cerebral edema, bleeding and an increase in intracranial pressure. |
| What should you be prepared to do with someone who has a TBI? | The patient can deteriorate quickly. Be ready to give assisted ventilation, insert an airway adjunct, etc. |
| Where is the respiratory centre of the brain located? | The medulla and the pons. |
| What is flaccid paralysis? | A neurological condition where the patient has weak, floppy and limp muscles. Caused by damage to the nerves that connect from the spinal cord to the muscles. |
| Difference between the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system? | Parasympathetic nervous system controls "rest and digest" functions while the sympathetic controls "fight or flight" mechanisms. |
| What is CSF fluid draining from the ear a sign of? | Basilar skull fracture |
| Signs of a basilar skull fracture? | CSF fluid draining from the ear. Periorbital ecchymosis (racoon eyes), and "battle signs" (Ecchymosis behind the ear) |
| What is the acronym for causes of altered mental status? | AEIOUTRIPS |
| What does AEIOUTRIPS stand for? | Acidosis, arrhythmias, alcohol Environment, epilepsy, electrolytes Infection Overdose, oxygen deficiency Underdose, uremia (severe damage to kidneys) Trauma, tumor Respiratory Insulin Psychosis, poison Stroke, seizure, shock, syncope |
| When do cells begin to be damaged due to hypoxia? | After 4 minutes. |
| What is a stroke? (Cerebrovascular accident) | Interruption of blood supply to an area of the brain, resulting in permanent tissue damage |
| What are the two types of strokes? | Ischemic stroke and hemmorhagic stroke |
| What is TIA, what makes it different from a stroke? | Transient Ischemic Attack. It is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain. Same signs and symptoms as a stroke, but they resolve within 24 hours, has no permanent damage. Patients who have TIA are likely to have a stroke soon after. |
| What is a seizure? What can they be presented as? | Sudden erratic discharge of neurons in the brain. Full body tremors, extremity tremors, sensory disturbances and the loss of consciousness. |
| What are the five types of seizures? | Tonic-clonic, absense, simple partial, complex partial and febrile. |
| What is the pattern/stages of a tonic-clonic seizure? | Aura, LOC, tonic, hypertonic, clonic and post-ictal |
| When do febrile seizures occur? | Often in children from 6 months to 6 years old and is a response to high body temperatures due to decreased compensatory mechanisms in children. |
| What is syncope? | Sudden loss of consciousness due to a temporary interruption of cerebral blood flow. (Fainting) |
| What causes syncope between younger and older patients? | Younger - Vasovagal response Older - cardiac rhythms |
| What is the management of neurological emergencies? | ABC management High flow O2 3/4 prone positioning Rapid transport Supportive care Good secondary survey to rule out treatable causes of altered mental status |
| What are some conditions that have similar signs & symptoms to a stroke? What are some ways to differentiate it? | Hypoglycemia, alcohol intoxication. FAST test, (Smiling, arms straight out) and testing blood sugar |
| Where does headache pain originate and what are some different types of headaches? | Pain originates from nerves in face, scalp, blood vessels and muscles. Tension headaches, Migraine headaches, Cluster headaches, Sinus headaches |
| What often brings on absence seizures, what age group is often affected by them? | Hyperventilation and flashing lights. Typically occurs in children from 4 years old to 12. |
| What is the most complex system in the body? | The nervous system |
| What is delirium? What is it often caused by? | Acute, temporary disturbance in brain function. Often caused by illness, medication effects or withdrawal. |
| What can cause abnormal behaviour? | Diabetes, seizure disorders, severe infections, metabolic disorders, head injuries, stroke, alcohol, tumours in the brain and drugs may cause derangements in behaviour. |
| When someone is presenting with abnormal behaviour. What should you be looking for? | Causes that can be situational or have an "organic" origin. (Medical issue, rather than just being upset.) |
| What are some different psychological disorders? | GAD, phobias, panic disorder, PTSD, Manic behaviour, eating disorders, depression and schizophrenia. |
| What are some symptoms of depression? | Feelings of worthlessness, guilt and pessimism. Possibility to be episodic and the signs are experienced more days than not for a period of time. |
| What can a patient who is angry be feeling? What else can be causing a patient to be angry? | They may be feeling helpless. The patient could be angry due to an illness. |
Created by:
Levelstorm3950