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NEED 2 KNOW

VOCAB!!!!!!!

QuestionAnswer
Bolus A ball of chewed food shaped by the tongue with saliva, ready to be swallowed.
Chyme A semisolid mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice formed in the stomach.
Peristalsis Wavelike contractions of the muscularis layer that PROPEL food forward through the GI tract.
Segmentation Back-and-forth MIXING contractions in the small intestine. Does NOT propel food.
Deglutition The act of swallowing. Has a voluntary phase (tongue) and involuntary phase (pharynx/esophagus).
Rugae Mucosal folds in the stomach and urinary bladder that allow expansion when filled.
Villi Finger-like projections of the small intestine mucosa that increase surface area for absorption.
Jaundice Yellowish skin and scleral discoloration caused by excess bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood.
Bilirubin Yellow-brown pigment from breakdown of old RBCs, processed by the liver; excess = jaundice.
Peritoneum Serous membrane: parietal layer lines abdominal cavity; visceral layer covers organs.
Mesentery Peritoneal fold that attaches most of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.
Mastication Chewing — mechanical digestion by the teeth.
Emulsification Physical breaking of fat globules into tiny droplets by BILE to increase lipase surface area.
Exocrine gland Secretes products INTO A DUCT (e.g., pancreatic enzymes → duodenum).
Endocrine gland Secretes products DIRECTLY INTO BLOODSTREAM, no duct (e.g., insulin, glucagon).
Islets of Langerhans ENDOCRINE cells of the pancreas; secrete insulin (↓blood sugar) and glucagon (↑blood sugar).
GFR Glomerular Filtration Rate. Glomerular Filtration Rate. Volume of filtrate produced per minute. Normal = 125 mL/min.
Glomerulus High-pressure capillary network inside Bowman's capsule; site of filtration.
Bowman's Capsule cup-shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus; collects the filtrate.
Filtration (renal) Movement of water + dissolved substances from glomerular blood INTO Bowman's capsule.
Reabsorption (renal) Movement of substances FROM tubule lumen BACK INTO peritubular capillary blood. ~99% recovered.
Secretion (renal) Movement of substances FROM peritubular blood INTO the tubule lumen (added to urine).
ADH Antidiuretic Hormone. Released by POSTERIOR PITUITARY. Increases water reabsorption → less urine.
Aldosterone Released by ADRENAL CORTEX. Increases Na+ reabsorption → water follows → less urine, ↑BP. Q35, Q66
ANH Atrial Natriuretic Hormone. Released by HEART ATRIAL WALL when BP is HIGH. Increases urine output.
Renin Enzyme secreted by kidneys when BP is LOW. Activates RAAS → raises BP.
Erythropoietin (EPO) Hormone from kidneys stimulating RED BLOOD CELL production in bone marrow when O2 is low.
Anuria Absence of urine production. Bladder near empty. Kidney failure.
Oliguria Reduced urine output: < 30 mL/hr or < 400 mL/day.
Polyuria Excessive urine output: > 2,500 mL/day.
Urinary Retention Kidneys making urine (bladder FULL) but patient CANNOT void. External sphincter not relaxing
Urinary Suppression Kidneys NOT making urine. Bladder near empty. Kidney/perfusion failure.
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary, uncontrollable leakage of urine.
Micturition The act of urinating/voiding.
Detrusor Muscle Smooth muscle of the urinary bladder wall; contracts to expel urine during voiding.
Glucosuria Glucose in the urine. Blood glucose exceeds renal threshold (~180 mg/dL). Sign of DM.
Pyuria WBCs in urine (> 5–10 per HPF). Indicates infection (UTI, pyelonephritis).
Retroperitoneal Located behind (posterior to) the peritoneum. Kidneys are retroperitoneal.
Furosemide / Lasix Loop diuretic — blocks Na+/K+/2Cl- in LOOP OF HENLE → increases urine output.
Renal Pelvis Funnel-shaped expansion at the top of the ureter inside the kidney; collects urine from calyces.
Created by: b.marshall
 

 



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