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Stack #4677423
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pregnancy preparation for males & females | - Achieve and maintain healthy body weight – Balanced diet – Regular physical activity – Consistent medical care – Mgmt of chronic conditions – Avoiding harmful substances |
| how is food fed to the baby in the womb | the placenta (temp on the uterine wall) facilitates oxygen/nutrient transfer through umbilical cord |
| malnutrition effect on fertility | inability to produce viable sperm/ovulate |
| Effects of alcohol use during pregnancy | Fetus: fetal alcohol spectrum & sudden infant death syndrome (alcohol blocks nutrients/oxygen to fetus through placenta) in males: low fertility & sperm DNA damage |
| term of damage during critical periods of pregnancy | permanent |
| Effects of smoking during pregnancy (mother, fetus, child/adult) | Mother: reduced oxygen delivery Fetus: low birth weight, preterm birth Child/adult: asthma, lung + CVD risk |
| Effects of maternal hypertension in pregnancy | Mother: delivery complications Fetus: reduced blood flow, growth restriction Child: long-term cardiovascular risk |
| Critical periods | times of intense development and rapid cell division—cellular activities occur only during these times (depends on organ/nutrient need) |
| stage 1 of embryonic + fetal development - newly fertilized ovum called ______ developed - feritlization cells divide to become _______ for implementation after ___ week | - zygote - blastocyst, 1 |
| stage 2 of embryonic + fetal development - after implantation, placenta ______ & _______ - embryo is ____ inch long after fertilization after ___ weeks | - develops, nourishes - 1/2, 5 |
| stage 3 of embryonic + fetal development - fetus is over ___ inch long after ____ weeks - ________ and blood vessels connect fetus w/ placenta | - one, 11 - umbilical cord |
| ovum | female gamete/reproductive egg cell |
| zygote - single-cell organism fusion of _____ and_______ - developing offspring weeks ______ to ______ | - sperm, egg (ovum) - 1, 2 |
| embryo vs. fetus timelines | embryo - developing offspring weeks 3-8 fetus - developing offspring weeks 8 - birth |
| stage 4 of embryonic + fetal development - newborn infant after ____ month development - infant grew _____ longer and _____ heavier from 8 weeks to birth | - 9 - 20x, 50x |
| amount of folate (nutrient) needed per day for rapid cell division during critical period | 400 microgram (mcg) |
| critical period length for neural tube development | between 17 and 30 days of gestation |
| gestation development of embryo/fetus in mother until birth (___ to ___weeks) | 38, 42 |
| conditions of folate deficiency during rapid cell division of critical period | anencephaly and spina bifida |
| anencephaly - _________ or _________ brain | missing, undeveloped |
| spina bifida - ________ ________ of spinal cord/______________ | incomplete closure, bony encasement |
| malnutrition effects in early pregnancy - prevents ________ from developing fully | placenta |
| effects of malnutrition on fetal development (birth) - birth ______, miscarriage, stillbirth, ________ birth, low _________ | defects, preterm, birthweight |
| effects of malnutrition on fetal development (insulin) - higher _________ & _________ risk in adulthood | insulin resistance, type II diabetes |
| BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 | maternal underweight |
| maternal underweight risks - ________ birth (before 37 weeks) – _________ for gestational age – _______ birthweight | - preterm - small - low |
| (BMI > 25.0 kg/m2) | maternal overweight |
| BMI > 30.0 kg/m2 | maternal obese |
| maternal overweight/obese risks -- __ hypertension & diabetes (ma) – ___ and ___ complications (ma) – macrosomia (> ___ lb baby)—can cause ______ baby body fat, birth trauma, death – Greater risk for baby of developing obesity and _____ diseases | - gestational - labor, delivery - 9, increased - chronic (cvd, diabetes, hypertension, etc.) |
| healthy weight during pregnancy | BMI = 18.5 – 24.9 kg.m2 |
| blood production for fetus + mother = iron, b12, folate, and zinc bone health: vitamin D and calcium | pregnancy micronutrient needs |
| minimum carbs during pregnancy ____ g/day (from baseline ____ g/day) | 175, 130 |
| minimum protein per day during pregnancy ___ g/day | 25 |
| increase in caloric intake during pregnancy (percentage) | 15-20% increase |
| corn-fed meat, vegetables oils, nuts and seeds | omega-6 fatty acids critical for fetal brain development |
| fatty-fish, flaxseeds, nuts, chia seeds, walnuts | omega-3 fatty acids critical for fetal brain development |
| optimal spacing between pregnancies so mother can rebuild vitamin d and calcium stores | 18-23 months |
| micronutrients that children have higher need for than adults | fat/fatty acids & calcium |
| fat/fatty acids percentage needs in children ages 1-3 vs. ages 4-18 | - 30-40%, 1-3 year olds - 25-35% 4-18 year olds |
| calcium need/RDA in teens v. adults | teen: 1300 mg/day adults: 1000 mg/day |
| why cow milk is never introduced before age 1 | – insufficient iron/vitamin C, intestinal bleeding, , excess protein |
| type of cow milk to introduce to one year old | whole (full fat) cow milk |
| physiological age | estimated from health and life expectancy (ex: 30 with body of 20 year old vs. 30 with body of 45 year old) |
| chronological age | age in years |
| energy needs from birth to teen years | Infancy → highest energy per kg (rapid growth) Childhood → steady growth, moderate needs Adolescence → energy needs increase again (growth spurt + puberty + activity) |
| human milk/breast feeding better support's baby's healthy _____ and ________ (over bottle feeding) | weight, body composition |
| colostrum (in human milk) importance to newborn health | contains antibodies and white blood cells |
| vitamin D, iron, zinc | shortfall nutrients (not enough) in breastmilk |
| - munching/mouth stuffing - sitting up w/o support - control over tongue/neck movements - interest in other ppl eating | signs to introduce baby to solid food |
| why are new foods introduced to children one at a time? | to test for allergic reactions and immediate/delayed symptoms |
| short term childhood obesity issues | developmental changes hypertension/hyperlipidemia |
| long term childhood obesity issues | diabetes II, respiratory diseases, and respiratory issues |
| why is calcium RDA higher for teens than adults? | rapid bone growth occurs during adolescence to build peak bone mass |
| consequences of not achieving peak bone mass | risk of low bone density, osteoporosis, and fractures |
| - pregnant/lactating women - infants - low-incomes - adolescents/older adults | groups at greatest risk of key micronutrient deficiencies |
| cause of aging | physical and psychological stressors |
| process of aging - body responds to stress w/ physiological reactions from _____ & systems - prolonged stress _____ body making it vulnerable to _______/________ | - nervous, hormonal - weakens, disease, accelerated aging |
| how physical activity benefits the older body | preserves mental ability due to increased blood flow to brain |
| aerobic activity effect on older body - improve _____ endurance - reduces blood ______ & blood __________ | - cardiorespiratory - pressure, lipids |
| Moderate-intensity activities effect on older body | improve sleep |
| strength training - improves mobility and _________, and reduces _________ | - posture, sarcopenia |
| sarcopenia | loss of muscle mass, strength, and quality |
| consume _______ to slow sarcopenia | protein |
| why bmi parameters are different for older adults (list overweight parameters in answer) | BMI 23.5 -27.5 is overweight but also the lowest mortality rate (older adults need more reserve) |
| old weakens ______ function & increases chronic _______ | immune, inflammation |
| malnutrition further impairs aging immune defenses by increasing vulnerability to ________ and _________ | infections, disease |
| gi tract changes w/age - reduced _________ and __________ which impairs nutrient ________ | - stomach acid, intrinsic factor, absorption |
| Atrophic gastritis stomach acid (hcl) & intrinsic factor _____ , stomach lining ______, ↑ risk of bacterial _________ | decrease, thins, overgrowth |
| factors that affect nutrition status w/ old age - __________ (swallowing difficulty) – Constipation – Tooth ______, dentures, and difficulty _______ – Sensory ____ (vision, taste, smell, hearing) – ______/_____of mobility | - dysphasia - loss, chewing - loss - loss, decline |
| Basal Metabolic Rate and energy needs as we age - BMR declines ____% each decade bc lean body mass - energy needs decline ____% each decade after age 19 | - 1 to 2 - 5 |
| aging energy need concerns (↓ Intake) | water, calcium, energy, zinc |
| aging energy need concerns (↓ Absorption) | B12, iron, calcium, zinc |
| aging energy need concerns (↑ Need) | protein, vitamin D, calcium |
| most common, wear & tear, cartilage breakdown Linked to aging + excess weight Helped by weight loss + exercise | osteoarthritis |
| - autoimmune disease in which immune system attacks joints - Inflammation-driven - Helped by omega-3s / Mediterranean-style diet | rheumatoid arthritis |
| - Uric acid crystal buildup in joints - Triggered by purines - Avoid: alcohol, red meat, seafood, sugary foods | gout (athritis) |
| dementia affects ___ % of adults over _______ | 15 percent, age 70 |
| modifiable nutrition risk factors of dementia - reduce _____ - key memory/cognition _____ - reduce _____ | - alcohol intake - nutrients - obesity |
| food temperature danger zone - don't keep foods in this range for more than 2 hours - or when when air temp is >90 deg F | 40-140 deg F |
| Food safety at home | CLEAN - wash hands, surfaces, & produce SEPARATE - raw eggs/meat/poultry COOK - proper internal temp to kill microbes CHILL - fridge/freezer |
| general "Sell by, best by, expires on, use by" labels purpose | for quality not safety |
| "use by" on infant formula label purpose | for safety |
| increased malnutrition risk w/ age cause - aging reduces ____ and creates earlier ________ | appetite, satiety |
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