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Biopsy emotion,stres
Biopsych ex 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 3 components of emotions | Physiological, behavioral subjective |
| 4th component of emotion? | Cognitive |
| What is cognitive bias? (bio psych) | Perspective of event/stimuli based on our emotional state--> mood disorders* |
| Cognitive bias with mood disorders | More negative interpretation of ambiguous stimuli |
| Limbic system structures (for emotion) | Amygdala, nucleus accumbens, lateral septum, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, insula, hypothalamus, frontal cortex |
| Main emotion system | Amygdala |
| Amygdala role in emotion | Emotional relay, emotional processing center, threat sensitivity, fear processing |
| What emotions does Amygdala control? | Anxiety, fear, more negative |
| What emotions does Nucleus accumbens? | Happiness, positive emotions |
| Lateral septum role in emotion | Regulation of emotion; amount of emotion per context |
| Hippocampus role in emotion | Attaches emotions to memories |
| Cingulate cortex role in emotion | Jealousy, envy, emotional pain |
| What does cingulate cortex control? | Social relationships, feelings of exclusion and jealousy/envy |
| What part does Cingulate cortex communicate with? Why? | Communicates with prefrontal cortex; decision making |
| Insula (insular cortex) role in emotion | Interoception (internal perceptions),(sociocultural) disgust |
| WWhat sense is involved with Insula? | Olfactory (smell) |
| What parts of brain are involved with revenge? | Anterior insula, medial prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum |
| Hypothalamus role in emotion | Physiological response to emotions (heart rate, digestion...) |
| Joseph LeDoux's Dual pathway to amygdala | High road and low Road to emotional responses |
| High road to amygdala function | Conscious processing, appraisal, facial affect |
| High road pathology | Stimulus-->Thalamus --> High road --> Sensory cortices --> Amygdala -->Emotional response |
| Low road to amygdala function | Subcortical, subconscious, Instant processing and threat, survival mechanism |
| Low road pathology | Stimulus--> Thalamus --> Low road --> Amygdala --> Emotional response |
| Amygdala input and output path | information input--> lateral nucleus --> basal nucleus -->central nucleus --> response output |
| Lateral and Basal nucleus function | Refine information taken in, Basolateral nucleus |
| Medial nucleus | Olfactory and reproduction processing |
| Lateral nucleus | Receives sensory info from prefrontal cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, sensory cortices--> to Basal |
| Basal nucleus | Further process info from lateral nucleus--> projects info to central nucleus and prefrontal cortex |
| Central nucleus - damaged/ destroyed study | Preclinical in rodents; lack of conditioned fear response, receptive of human handling |
| What structures does the Amygdala activate when stimulated? | Hypothalamus, sensory and association cortices, prefrontal and ACC |
| Receptors of the Amygdala | Has GABA-A receptors (and GLU, opioid) |
| What do agonist drugs do to Amygdala GABA-A receptors? | Decrease amygdala activity |
| Charles Whitman case study | Genuis, Hypergraphia, experienced headaches; uncontrollable aggression--> had a Glioblastoma against amygdala |
| What is the HPA-axis? | Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenal; activated in response to stress |
| What structure does the Hypothalamus communicate with? | Central nucleus of Amygdala (CeA)--> Bidirectional |
| What two axon pathways do the Hypothalamus and CeA communicate via? | 1) Bed nucleus of Stria Terminalis ; 2) Fornix |
| What does the Endocrine system do? | Secrete hormones via numerous glands |
| Importance of hormones in the body (big picture) | To communicate the body to the brain vice versa |
| HPA axis hormones: Hypothalamus | Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) --> pituitary |
| HPA axis hormones: Pituitary | Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) --> Adrenal glands |
| HPA axis hormones: Adrenal glands | Produces glucocorticoids --> cortisol |
| What hormone do glucocorticoids make? | Cortisol |
| What is the "stress" hormone? | Cortisol! |
| What is the "master gland"? | Pituitary gland |
| What are the two parts of the Pituitary gland? | Anterior and Posterior |
| Which Pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone? | Anterior pituitary gland |
| What are the two parts of the Adrenal gland? | Inner: Adrenal medulla; Outer: Adrenal cortex |
| Role of Adrenal Medulla? | Stimulate the liver --> to produce sugars & divert blood from internal organs to muscles |
| Adrenal Medulla structure | Has Chromaffin cells; Epinephrine (EPI and Norepinephrine (NE) receptors |
| Role of Adrenal Cortex? | Releases glucocorticoids--> Cortisol, maintains normal blood sugar levels (stores excess)--> excess linked to stress disorders |
| What do Glucocorticoids do? | Release EPI and NE NT's (increase heart rate); Stimulate Liver (direct blood from internal organs to muscles) |
| Importance of Blood directing from internal organs to muscles | For fight or flight! |
| Long term symptoms of Glucocorticoid release to Liver (stress) | Muscle tension and Fatigue |
| Long term symptoms of chronic Cortisol production | Weight gain (abdomen), Fatty deposits between shoulders, Hypertension |
| Two types of Hormonal receptors | Extracellular and Intracellular |
| Extracellular hormonal receptor | Metabotropic or Tyrosine Kinase receptor (TrK) |
| Intracellular hormonal receptor | Act as transcription factors (for steriod-like and thyroid hormones)--> On/off for specific genes=more/less protien translation and production |
| Glucocorticoids in short term use | Necessary for survival |
| Hans Selye: Symptoms of Long term effects of Glucocorticoids | Increased blood pressure (Heart attack & stroke), Damage to muscle tissues, Stunted growth, Inhibited inflammatory response, Suppression of Immune system |
| Sapolsky: Long term Glucocorticoid exposure | Destroys hippocampal cells, reduced uptake of glucose and glutamate |
| Son et al: Maternal exposure to stress | Offspring: Disrupted LTP process in Hippocampus, Impairments in spatial learning |
| Barbazanges: pregnant rates exposed to restraint stress | Offspring exposed to restraint stress: Overproduced glucocorticoids and showed prolonged production |
| Uno et al: Hierarchy of Vervet Monkeys | Low ranking monkeys: Have shorter life-spans; Postmortem--> Gastric ulcers & enlarged adrenal glands, Neurons in CA1 field destroyed |
Created by:
fuehrerek