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A&P Lecture 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cancer | a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollable and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize) |
| H and E staining Hematoxylin dye | a dye that colors cell nuclei blue-purple |
| H and E staining Eosin dye | a dye that colors the cytoplasm and extracellular components like collagen in shades of pink |
| Resulting images: provides high contrast that allows pathologists to distinguish between different types of tissues and diagnose diseases, including cancers | |
| Cancer cells compared to healthy cells have | - Large nucleus! - Many dividing cells - Variation in size and shape - Loss of normal features |
| Cancer can start | almost anywhere in the human body |
| The growth of these cells can cause a lump of tissue, also called a | tumor |
| What do cancerous tumors do | Cancerous tumors spread into, or invade, nearby tissue and can travel to distant places in the body to form new tumors (metastasis) |
| Characteristics of Cancer cells 5 | 1. Divide uncontrollably 2. Are immortal 3. Not subject to contact inhibition (grow on eachother) 4. Are not differentiated 5. Can metastasize (spreads to other tissues) |
| Telomerase | is a cellular enzyme that rebuilds telomeres in cancer cells, allowing the cells to live longer than other somatic cells |
| In healthy somatic cells, division by mitosis is tightly regulated. This process ensures that | daughter cells do not contain potentially dangerous mutations and equal division of chromosomal DNA |
| Tumor suppressor genes | Are genes that regulate cell division and replication. TSG causes abnormal cells to die via apoptosis. When these genes undergo a loss of function mutation (hypoactive) abnormal cells can divide continuously Like brakes on a car |
| 2 Tumor suppressor genes | BRCA1 and P53 |
| Women with an inherited BRCA1 mutation have a significant | increased lifetime risk of developing cancer 65% risk of breast cancer 50% risk of ovarian cancer |
| Proto-oncogenes | Are genes that control and promote cell growth and division. When these genes undergo a gain of function mutation (hyperactive) they become oncogenes Like the accelerator on a car |
| So... what are the two categories that genes fall into | 1. Tumor suppressor genes 2. Proto-oncogenes |
| The two-hit hypothesis supports theory that | TWO mutations must occur for a cell to become cancerous |
| ***Remember, you have two copies of every gene | |
| These two mutations can occur | On both chromosomes for the same gene OR One chromosome for two different genes (Tumor suppressor genes, proto-oncogenes) |
| Carcinomas | develop from ET |
| Adenocarcinoma is a cancer of a | gland |
| Lymphoma | develops from lymphatic tissue and cells |
| Two main types of lymphoma are | hodgkin lymphoma and non-hodgkin lymphoma. HL can often be cured, while NHL depends on the type HL= easier to cure NHL= harder to cure |
| Leukemia | a group of blood cancers starting in the bone marrow |
| Myeloma or Multiple Myeloma | A cancer of plasma cells derived from antibody producing B cells |
| Teratoma | A cancer of plasma cells derived from antibody producing B cells |
| Chemotherapy | a cancer treatment that uses drugs (chemicals) to destroy cancer cells. |
| Chemotherapy works by | stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells, which grow and divide quickly. |
| Surgery | The goal of cancer surgery is to remove all of the cancer from the body. |
| To do this (surgery) | the surgeon uses cutting tools to remove the cancer and some healthy tissue around it. The surgeon may also remove some of the lymph nodes closest to the tumor in the area. This LN is called a sentinel lymph node |
| Some cancers are so severe, what must be removed? | an entire organ must be removed |
| Radiation Therapy or Radiotherapy | cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. |
| Radiation therapy works by | damaging the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from multiplying, and causing them to stop dividing and die. |
| Radiation can be delivered through | an external machine or intravenously similar to chemotherapy. |
| Ionizing radiation destroys | DNA (direct) and generates reactive oxygen species |
| Not all cancer is the same | Through genetic testing and histology, more targeted therapies have developed to treat specific and unique cancers |
| Example of specific targeted therapy | Gleevec- Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) inhibitor |
| RTK inhibitors are life saving drugs for those with rare cancers | |
| RTKs are typical growth factor receptors that when activated | lead to cell proliferation and migration |
| Mutant RTKs are | hyperactive in come cancers and lead to over active signaling = cancer growth. Gleevec like imatinib block this hyperactivity |
| CAR-T therapy makes | a living medicine from the patient’s own cells |
| T cells are harvested from the patient and engineered in a petri dish, using a virus, to express a | chimeric antigen receptor |
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liladdoyle