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Registry Review POS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the CR for an AP axial towne skull | 2 1/2 inch superior to glabella; 30 caudal angle; OML |
| what is demonstrated in the AP axial towne skull | occiptal bone, petrous pyramids, and foramen magnum in the dorsum sellae |
| Lateral skull positioning | 2 inches above EAM; IPL perp to IR; MSP parallel to IR; IOML perpendicular to front edge of IR |
| what is best demonstrated in a lateral skull | enitre cranium, superimposed parietal bones, sella turcica, antrior/posterior clinoid process |
| PA axial caldwell skull positioning | OML; 15 caudal; nasion |
| where are the petrous ridges for the PA axial caldwell | lower 1/3 of orbits |
| what does the PA axial caldwell method demonstrate | frontal bone, greater and lesser sphenoid wings, superior orbital fissues, crista gali |
| which skull view demonstrates the frontal bone? which demonstrates the occipital | frontal = caldwell occipital = towne |
| what is the PA skull positioning | OML; CR exits the glabella; 0 CR angulation |
| where are the petrous ridges for the PA skull | petrous fills the orbits; level of SOM |
| what does the PA skull demonstrate | frontal bone, ethmoid sinus |
| what is the SMV skull positioning | IOML; 1 1/2 inches inferior to mandibular symphysis; midway between gonions |
| what does the SMV skull demonstratees | foramen ovallae, spinosum mandible, occipital bones |
| trauma CTL cranium positioning | horizontal beam; 2 inches superior to EAM; IOML |
| Trauma AP axial reverse caldwell | 15 degree cephalad; OML; nasion; center beam to OML then add angle |
| for trauma we must not exceed what angle to minimize distortion | 45 |
| trauma AP skull | CR to glabella; angle to 0 out at OML |
| trauma AP axial towne | CR angled 30 caudal to OML; CR midway between EAMs |
| lateral facial bones positioning | side of interest closest to IR; IOML; CR to zygoma or midway between outer canthus and EAM: MSP parallel to IR |
| facial bones waters positioning | MML: acanthion; no beam angulation |
| where are the petrous ridges for the waters facial bones | below the maxillary sinuses |
| facial bones modified waters positioning | LML; acanthion; no beam angulation |
| where are the petrous ridges for the modified waters | lower 1/3 of the maxillary sinuses |
| PA axial caldwell facial bones positioning | 15 degree caudal anlge; CR exits nasion; OML |
| where are the petrous ridges for the PA caldwell method facial bones | lower 1/3 of the orbits |
| lateral nasal bones positioning | **sometimes done bilateral IPL perpendicular to IR; IOML; CR 0.5 inferior to nasion (bridge of the nose) |
| which side should be closest to the IR for nasal bones lateral | side of interest closest to the IR |
| waters nasal bones positioning | MML; pt prone; CR exits acanthion |
| caldwell nasal bones positioning | OML; nasion; 15 caudal |
| axiolateral oblique mandible- general survey | angle 25 cephalic; or tilt 15 angle 10 10 - 15 rotation |
| axiolateral oblique mandible - body | 30 degree rotation toward IR + 25 cephalic angle |
| axiolateral oblique mandbile - mentum | 45 rotation toward IR + 25 cephalic angle |
| axiolateral oblique mandible - ramus | true lateral + 25 cephalic angle |
| the meatal lines originate at the | EAM |
| the meatal lines are _ degrees apart | 7 |
| PA mandible positioning | CR exits at the junction of the lips; OML |
| what does the mandible PA demonstrate | body of the mandible |
| AP axial towne mandbile positioning | CR 30 caudal; enters glabella |
| what does the AP axial towne mandible demonstrate | mandibular condyloid process, fossa, and rami |
| PA axial mandible positioning | OML; 20-25 cephalad; CR exits the acanthion |
| PA modified waters mandible positioning | LML; acanthion; no beam angulation |
| modified waters mandible demonstrates | condyloid and coronoid processes |
| SMV mandible positioning | IOML parallel; 1.5 inferior to mandibular symphysis or midway between the angles of the mandible |
| what does the SMV mandible demonstrate | coronoid and condyloid processes of mandible rami- entire mandible |
| axiolateral oblique (modified law) TMJ | IOML; rotate face 15 toward the IR; 15 caudal; 1.5 superior to EAM |
| which is better to demonstrate the TMJs law or schuller | law |
| lateral schuller positioning | CR angled 25-30 caudal; IOML; 0.5 inch anterior and 2 inches superior to upside EAM |
| why might the lateral TMJs have two views | open and closed mouth |
| ap axial towne TMJ positioning | 35 caudal ; 3 inches superior to nasion; OML |
| waters orbits positioning | MML; acanthion |
| what does the waters orbits demonstrate | IOM and blowout fx |
| what view is best demonstrated for blowout fx | waters orbits |
| lateral orbits positioning | CR directed perpendicular to IR; outer canthus |
| how can we determine proper positioning of the orbits lateral | superimposition of floors and roofs of orbits |
| PA axial caldwell orbits positioning | 15 caudal; OML; CR exits nasion |
| what does the PA axial caldwell orbits demonstrate | superior and mid lateral orbital margins |
| modified waters for orbits positioning | neck hyperextened; LML; OML forms a 55 degree angle to IR CR exits acanthion |
| modified waters orbits is good for demonstrating | demonstrates the orbits and possible blowout fx |
| what are the four sinuses | maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal |
| all four sinuses are best demonstrated on what view | lateral sinuses |
| how long should the pt be upright for air fluid levels for sinuses | minimum 5 minutes |
| Lateral sinuses | CR perpendicular to IR; IOML; CR 1 inch posterior to outer canthus or midway between outer canthus and EAM |
| PA axial caldwell sinus | 15 degree caudal; Cr exits nasion; OML |
| what sinus does the PA axial caldwell view demonstrates | frontal and ethmoid |
| waters sinus positioning | MML; acanthion; Perpendicular beam |
| what sinus is the waters sinus good for | maxillary |
| the open mouth waters is good for demonstrating what sinuses | maxillary and sphenoid |
| SMV sinuses positioning | CR directed perp to IR; IOML; 1.5-2 inches inferior to mandibular sump |
| what does SMV sinuses view | anterior ethmoid and posterior sphenoid |
| which curvatures are lordotic | lumbar and cervical |
| which spine curvatures are kyphotic | thoracic and sacral |
| what houses the spinal cord | the vertebral foramen |
| the spinal cord terminates at | L1 or L2 |
| AP axial Cervical spine | 40 inch SID; CR angled 15-20 cephalic; CR at level of C4 |
| what houses the spinal nerves | intervertebral foramen |
| how many pairs of spinal nerves are there | 31 |
| what is known as the horse tail and where does it extend to | cauda equina |
| where is the conus medullaris | L1-L2; tapered end of the spinal cord |
| what is the axial c-spine demonstrating | intervertebral disc space and vertebral bodies |
| AP open (odontoid) positioning | tip of the mastoid process and lower margin of upper inciscors is positioned perpendicular to IR; CR perp to IR through mouth |
| what does the AP open mouth c - spine demonstrate | C1-C2 relationship; body and dens of C2; C1 Z joint |
| lateral cervical spine positioning | 72 SID; C4 |
| what does the lateral cervical spine demonstrate | demonstrates the vertebral bodies; intervertebral joints; articular facets; Z joints of C2-3 to C7-T1 |
| when do you perform a cross table lateral cervical spine | trauma patients |
| AP axial oblique c-spine posterior obliques | patient rotated 45 degrees; 15-20 cephalic; C4 |
| which foramina is demonstrated in an LPO c-spine | right fresh fried chicken |
| PA axial oblique c-spine anterior oblique | 15-20 caudal angle; C4; pt rotated 45 degree |
| pt is in an RAO c-spine which foramina is demonstrated | right |
| lateral swimmers positioning | elevate arm closest to IR; CR directed to middle of body of C7-T1 |
| what angle can be placed during the lateral swimmers to separate the shoulders | 3-5 caudal |
| what does a lateral swimmers demonstrate | lateral projection of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebra |
| lateral flexion and extension c-spine position | C4; chin flexed or extended |
| when is flexion and extension c-spine done | post fusion surgeries and post whiplash |
| AP dens (fuchs) position | extend chin to where tip of mastoid process and chin are in the same vertical plane (MML) ; CR to enter just distal to tip of mandible |
| what does fuchs demonstrates | dens lying in the foramen magnum |
| AP thoracic spine pos | CR to T7 |
| what does the AP thoracic demonstrate | demonstrates thoracic vertebral bodies and intervertebral joints |
| Lateral thoracic breathing/ expiration | CR: T7 orthostatic breathing to blur ribs expiration for uniformity |
| scoliosis is also called the | Fergusen |
| which view is preferred for scoliosis series and why | PA to protect breast tissue |
| abnormal lateral curvature of the spine | scoliosis |
| how much of the iliac crests should be seen in the lateral scoliosis | 3-5 cm |
| which side is placed closest to the IR for the lateral scoliosis | side with largest convexity based on AP / PA image |
| AP lumbar positioning | patient supine which knee flexed to reduce lordotic curve; CR L4-L5 |
| what does the AP/PA lumbar demonstrate | lumbar vertebral bodies and intervertebral joint spaces |
| Lateral lumbar spine positioning | CR: L4-L5(iliac crest) |
| lateral lumbar spine demonstrates | vertebral bodies; intervertebral joint spaces; spinous processes intervertebral foramina |
| view that demonstrates spondylothisthesis | lateral lumbar |
| forward slipping of one vertebra compared to the other | spondylolithesis |
| defect in the pars interarticularis (scotty dog wearing a collar) | spondylolysis |
| L5-S1 spot lateral position | tight collimation; Angle 5 for males and 8 degrees caudal for females; 1.5 inches below iliac crest and 2 inches posterior to ASIS |
| posterior obliques lumbar | preferred method patient rotated 45 degree CR: L3 and 2 inches medial to upside ASIS |
| view that demonstrates lumbar z-joints | lumbar obliques |
| view that demonstrates the left side z joints - lumbar | LPO / RAO |
| view that demonstrates the right sides z joints - lumbar | RPO / LAO |
| the ear of the scotty dog is | superior articular process |
| the eye of the scotty dog is the | pedicle |
| the neck of the scotty dog is the | pars interarticularis |
| the nose of the scotty dog is the | transverse process |
| the leg of the scotty dog is the | inferior articular process |
| AP axial L5-S1 position | 30 males 35 females cephalic; CR directed to level of ASIS |
| what does the ap axial L5-S1 position demonstrate | joint space of L5-S1 |
| AP lumbar right and left bending position? what does it show? | CR; 1-1.5 inches superior to iliac crest demonstrates: lateral flexibility |
| Lateral Flexion and Extension lumbar spine position | CR to L3 |
| what do we do flex / ext views for | anterior/posterior flexibility of the spine done after spinal fusion |
| sacrum position | 15 degrees cephalic; CR 2 inches superior to pubic symp or midway between ASIS and symph pubis |
| AP sacrum demonstrates the | SI joints and sacral foramina |
| how many sacral foramina are there | 8 |
| AP coccyx | 10 caudal; 2 inches superior to symphysis pubis |
| lateral sacrum/coccyx | level of the ASIS and 3-4 inches posterior |
| where is contrast administered for a myelogram | subarachnoid space |
| where is the puncture for a lumbar myelogram | L3-L4 |
| where is the puncture site for a cervial myelogram | C1-C2 |
| what type of contrast is used for a myelogram | water soluble iodinated contrast |
| what is the primary pathology seen from a myelogram | herniated disc |
| AP axial SI joints | 30 degree cephalic 35 degree female CR: 2 inches superior to symp pubis or 2 inches inferior to ASIS |
| Posterior SI Oblique positioning | posterior oblique; Side of interest is up; 25-30 degrees CR: 1 inch medial and 1.5 inches distal to upside ASIS |
| which side is demonstrated for the posterior SI oblique | side up |
| AP hip positioning | rotate affected leg internally 15-20 degrees CR:1-2 inches medial and 3-4 inches distal to ASIS |
| why do we turn the leg in for the AP hip | aligns the femoral neck to be parallel to the IR |
| cross table lateral hip positioning dan miller | CR; perpendicular to the long axis of the femoral neck unaffected leg elevated out of the way |
| when is the dan miller performed | suspected fx or dislocation that cannot perform a frog leg |
| unilateral frog leg lateral hip "modified cleaves" position | ** NON TRAUMA LATERAL VIEW** hip and knee are flexed and abducted a min of 45 degrees from vertical CR: perpendicular through the hip joint |
| axiolateral inferiosuperior trauma "clements nakyama" | **BILAT HIP FX** **leave pt in neutral position** grid is parallel to femoral neck and tilted backwards approx. 15 degrees CR: 15 degrees posterior and perpendiularly to femoral neck |
| clements nakyama is done when | lateral view of hip, acetabulum, and proximal femur |
| AP Pelvis position | 1) feet internally rotated 15-20 degrees CR: 2 inches superior to symphysis pubis / 2 inches distal to ASIS / midway between ASIS and symp pubis |
| what does the AP pelvis demonstrate | entire pelvis, sacrum, coccyx, proximal femurs |
| AP pelvis bilateral frog leg | both legs abducted 45 degrees CR: 1 inch superior to symphysis pubis |
| AP Pelvis inlet | 40 degrees caudal; CR at the level of the ASIS |
| what does the inlet show | anterior pubic and ischial bones, symphysis pubis, pelvic ring |
| AP pelvis outlet | males 20-35, 30-45 cephalic cephalic CR: 2 inches distal to superior border of symphysis pubis **35 for both |
| what does the outlet view demonstrate | rami and ischium |
| posterior oblique Judet method | Placed in a 45 degree oblique 2 inches distal and 2 inches medial to downside (anterior) 2 inches distal to upside ASIS (posterior) |
| affected side down for the JUDET method demonstrates the _ rim and _ ischial spine | anterior / posterior |
| affected side down for the JUDET method demonstrates the _ rim and the _ ischial spine | ant / posterior |
| the hip bone is composed of what three divisions | ilium, pubis, ischium |
| in general who has a wider pelvis male or female | female |
| superior to the ischial spine is the | greater sciatic notch |
| just inferior to the ischial spine is the | lesser sciatic notch |
| what in the pelvis bears most of the weight when an individual sits | the ischial tuberosity |
| the largest foramen in the human body is the | obturator foramen |
| a pt has a pelvic ring injruy what follow up imaging should they have | inlet and outlet |
| what position would best demonstrate the right SI joint | LPO |
| the dorsum sellae is projected into the foramen magnum for which skull projection | ap axial towne |
| the sella turcica is apart of what bone | sphenoid |
| if there is an air fluid level seen in the sphenoid sinus what type of fracture is likely to happen | basal skull fx |
| if the patients right iliac wing appears wider then the left what is the positioning error | the patient is rotated toward the right in an RPO |
| if a patient is getting an AP pelvis radiograph but has a suspected hip fracture what should they do with their feet | leave them neutral positioned until fx is ruled out |
| what is the largest and most superior portion of the hip bone | ilium |
| how many facial bones are there | 14 |
| if everything else looks symmetric but the femoral heads appear foreshortened what positioning error occurred | feet are externally rotated |
| sinus that is inferior and anterior to the sella turcica | sphenoidal |
Created by:
macummins1