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1.5.2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Laptops and computers allow employees to | Access modern productivity tools and specialised software Carry out their daily work activities effectively Easily communicate and collaborate with each other |
| Machines in the manufacturing sector | almost removed need for human workers - work longer without holidays, sick leave or sleep - more accurate and reliable skill sets required has shifted, now highly skilled technicians are favoured to lower-skilled workers Many jobs are now automated |
| Online banking Impacts on customers | No need to travel to bank, with 24/7 service Can be harder to use for elderly |
| Online banking Impacts on banks | Less staff to pay Data protection responsibilities |
| Online banking Impacts on bank staff | New job roles created Job losses due to branch closures |
| Automated decision making | Situations where computers are making decisions and taking actions based on sets of predefined rules + parameters without any human involvement. These decisions are made with more accuracy and made faster, making services better for the user. |
| Cons of automated decision making: health | May not be entirely accurate as they only have specific instructions and procedures to follow, aren’t adaptable Aren’t empathetic, so may not deliver diagnosis in the best way |
| Cons of automated decision making: turning down mortgage applications | many would like to discuss the situation with a real person |
| AI recruitment | Rejects job applications that do not suit the role Those that do then take a human interview |
| DPA rules (2018) (automated decision making) | the data subject has the right to object to a decision being made solely on automated decisions that have a significant impact on them. Companies must inform you of your right to object at the point of their first communication with you |
| AI | any machine programmed to think, work and react like a human Applied/weak/narrow AI Generalised AI |
| Applied/weak/narrow AI | (more common) Designed to manage specific task |
| Generalised AI | (developing area of AI) Can evolve and improve to handle other tasks Closely linked to machine learning |
| Machine learning | a subset of AI; one way to achieve artificial intelligence Science of training a device or application to perform a task + improve its capabilities Achieved by feeding it data, information and scenarios so it can ‘learn’ over time |
| Robot | A machine that carries out work by itself by following a set of programmed instructions Dumb robots Smart robots |
| Dumb robots | repeat same task over and over |
| Smart robots | trained to learn, adapt and carry out progressively more complex tasks |
| AI considerations | Accountability Safety Algorithmic bias Legal liability |
| Accountability (AI) | who should be held accountable for actions carried out |
| Safety (AI) | how can we ensure safety within the algorithm |
| Algorithmic bias (AI) | prioritising certain people in the algorithm |
| Legal liability (AI) | who should be held legally responsible? |
| Self driving cars | Having to have algorithms to make hard decisions that could impact a person's life 1. Road traffic-related deaths will be massively reduced by the algorithms 2. Unavoidable deaths will be caused by the algorithms |
| Environmental issues | Technology puts huge demand on finite natural resources of environment. Many see technology devices as disposable. Manufacturing takes lots of materials, + sourcing those materials creates fossil fuels. Transporting + packing adds to carbon footprint. |
| Energy used by tech | Computers left idle waste this energy The CPU creates heat which requires more energy through fans to stop overheating Huge cloud data centers often use a lot of energy in doing nothing but storing data |
| E-waste issues | Computers contain toxic components that when disposed of incorrectly can cause serious harm to the environment and people nearby. E-waste is often sent to countries with lower standards for disposal, and often people come into contact with these toxins. |
| Internet censorship | deliberate suppression of materials in terms of what can be published and accessed - comes in many forms |
| Censorship at school/work | Filtering software to censor/restrict access to unnesecary content - Moral + legal obligation to block inappropriate material - Block distracting material, which could also have educational material (e.g. youtube) - We agree to policies |
| Governments require ISPs to block (UK) | Extremist politics Extreme pornography Copyright infringement and file sharing |
| Government censorship (Public thoughts) | This is highly controversial Most think this is reasonable as it prevents violent attacks, people accidentally seeing inappropriate things and children searching inappropriate websites up |
| Government censorship (abroad) | Different in other countries important to ensure balance is kept of protecting public and infringing on human rights - some countries massively control internet access. stops materials that contradict the government |
| Devices/methods of monitoring behaviour | - Deliberately chosen by user - Passive monitoring - Forced tracking |
| Deliberately chosen by user | settings that the user accepts (e.g. smart watches) |
| Passive monitoring | devices that are set up and track everyone (e.g. CCTV, speed cameras) Some say that this is worth it for reduced crime, but others say it has gone too far |
| Forced tracking | Forcibly monitor behaviour (e.g. ankle monitor) - Criminals - Punishment + safety - Lock an employer’s screen o ensure they are doing their paid work - Should personal emails sent via work systems, or social media used during breaks, be monitored? |
| Personal information tracked by technology | Social media interactions Online chats Gaming patterns Travel plans Search history Shopping habits Banking transactions |
| Big data | extremely large data sets that may be analysed computationally to reveal patterns, trends and associations in human behaviour and interactions |
| Data mining | process of analysing large data sets to find anomalies, patterns, correlations and predict outcomes - Helps dicoveries However, many people feel this is an invasion of privacy |
| Issues abt collection + use of personal data | Privacy Ownership Consent Misuse Data protection |
| Privacy (Issues abt collection + use of personal data) | who has access? How is access controlled? |
| Ownership (Issues abt collection + use of personal data) | who owns the data? Do you have the right to get it removed? |
| Consent (Issues abt collection + use of personal data) | how is data collected, did you give permission? |
| Misuse (Issues abt collection + use of personal data) | is it liable to hacking or phishing scams? |
| Data protection (Issues abt collection + use of personal data) | how is your data protected? Do you have rights? Comply to DPA? |
| Piracy | the use of software that is not properly licensed |
| Prices of digital content | Due to high prices, some want everything to be free. However, businesses solely based on digital content would lose their jobs, and so would millions of people in that industry. Also, cost it takes to make digital content would be lost on free content |
| Preventing piracy | Copyright Trademarks Patents Licensing CDPA Computer misuse act |
| Communication anonymously | allows people to say things they would never say in real life, causing social media to easily become a place full of hate |
| Internet troll | a person who actively sparks or fuels arguments online, often by posting abusive content or comments |
| Article 10 of the Human Rights Act | states that we have a right to hold our own opinions + express them freely without government interference Also states that we also have a duty to behave responsibly and respect other people’s rights, and that the government can restirct this right |
| Public authorities may restrict the right to state your own opinion in order to | Protect national or public security Prevent disorder or crime Protect health or morals Protect the rights and reputations of others - prevent disclosure of information received in confidence Maintain the authority and impartiality of judges |
| Culture | the viewpoints and attitudes that reflect a country's identity and message |
| Typical UK values | Act fairly and justly Respect for the right of free expression Respect for the law Respect for the democratic process Respect for a press free from government control Right to protest in an orderly manner |
| Social media tends to support principles of | Freedom of speech Freedom of expression The right to protest in an orderly manner It can be used to organise evolutions |
| Layout of software on culture | The layout of software can have big impacts and cultural implications. For example, western websites are displayed top to bottom and left to right. This may have to be changed for different cultures and languages such as Arabic, that reads right to left. |
| Colours of software on culture | Colours can mean different things in different cultures - Blues = (water, sky, cold), or heat - Reds = (love, care, health) or censorship + danger - In the west, green = luck + nature but in Indonesia green used to be banned |
| Character sets on culture | There are many character sets, and they don’t all support all languages. |
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