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anatomy final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the different kinds of white blood cell? | Granulocytes short life span. grainy appearance 1. neutrophil- most abundant 60-70 % 2. eosinophil 1-4% total 3. basophil >1% Agranulocytes 4. Monocytes 2-8% 5. Lymphocyte 25-30% |
| Granulocytes | neutrophil multi-ramped up during acute infections. contains granules of lysosomes that can cut. active phagocytes eosinophil active against parasitic worms. dissolves them basophil contains histamine + heparin |
| Agranulocytes | longer life than granulocytes monocyte- largest WBC. active against virus, bacteria, parasites lymphocyte- 25-30% total WBC T and B cells in lymphoid tissue coordinate immune response, produce antibodies etc |
| list WBC in order of abundance | neutrophil lymphocyte monocyte eosinophil basophil |
| `what are reticulocytes? | immature RBC with visible clumps of residual ribosomes and ER account for 1% of total RBC released into bloodstream. oxygen high in people recovering from blood loss reticulocyte counts are clinically useful bc they indicate the rate of RBC formation |
| what is the valsalva maneuver? | last step in how fecal matter is ejected from anus -deep breath and close epiglottis to increase lung pressure -contract abdominal muscles -abdominal pressure is up -feces are expelled |
| what is defecation reflex? | - is triggered when the rectum fills with stool, activating stretch receptors. -these receptors send signals to the spinal cord and brain, indicating the need to defecate |
| what are bile salts? | component of bile the sodium salts of cholesterol function- to emulsify fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets for easier digestion. |
| why are there fewer efferent arterioles than afferent arterioles in lymph nodes? | to slow down lymph |
| where is the majority of water and nutrients absorbed in the digestive system? | the small intestine |
| what is the purpose of the large intestine? | compaction |
| what is secretin? | digestive hormone that stimulates liver to produce bile pancreas to release HCO3 |
| what is CCK | cholecystokinin digestive hormone that stimulates pancreas to release enzymes gall bladder to eject bile satiety |
| what are the formed elements of blood? | the non fluid, solid components of blood erythrocytes (rbc) leukocytes (wbc) and platelets |
| what is the function of the pineal gland? | produces melatonin which regulates circadian rhthym |
| what is the function of the thymus gland? | only really active until puberty it's where white blood cells go to maturate |
| describe the kinds of cells that make up the lining of the stomach. what kinds of products do they produce? | mucous cells- produce mucus parietal - secrete hydrochloric acid HCl for digestion + intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption chief - secretes pepsinogen -break down proteins |
| what triggers the production of more blood cells? | Erythropoietin -EP hormone produced by the kidneys. acts on bone marrow. stimulates red blood cell production hypoxia- kidney responds by releasing EP Lack of iron, vitamin B12, or folate can signal the body to produce more blood cells |
| how is blood formed? | hematopoiesis- production of all blood cells erythropoiesis- production of red blood cells leukopoiesis- production of white blood cells thrombopoiesis- production of platelets |
| what is pepsinogen? | inactive enzyme, precursor to pepsin (which breaks down proteins into mostly peptides) |
| what is the function of lymph in the human body | It collects fluids from your tissues and returns them to your blood. It carries nutrients to your cells and tissues. It also collects any harmful substances found in your cells and tissues, so your white blood cells can destroy them |
| what are the peyer's patches? | small masses of lymphatic tissue found in ileum of small intestine MALT (mucosal associated lymphatic tissue) function=control bacteria that enters via small intestine play crucial role in the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria |
| how is blood broken down? | RBCs start to age around 120 days aged RBCs become trapped in spleen capillaries and liver where they phagocytized hemoglobin is transported to liver and degraded to heme and globin |
| what are the byproducts? | heme- degraded to iron and porphyrin ring. iron is recycled. stored as ferritin in red bone marrow and liver porphyrin ring is degraded as bilirubin which is excreted in bile globin- degraded and amino acids are recycled |
| where are RBC's retired | RBCs are primarily retired in the spleen, where they are filtered and removed from circulation |
| ekg waves and what they mean | p- atrial depolarization qrs- (atrial repolarization), ventricular depolarization t- ventricular repolarization |
| what is the chemical pathway leading to the release of aldosterone? | 1. kidney senses a decrease in sodium or BP and secretes renin hormone 2.renin converts blood angiotensinogen to angiotensin I 3. angio. I is converted to angio II by ACE (angio. converting enzyme in lungs) 4. angio. II stimulates aldosterone release |
| how is blood sodium and potassium regulated? | -Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. - The kidneys filter blood, reabsorbing sodium and potassium as needed |
Created by:
emma.thornton