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DOPS assessments
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q: What are the contraindications/precautions for accessory movements? | A: Acute injury, inflammation, osteoporosis, hypermobility, fracture, joint disease, excessive pain |
| Q: What is the purpose of accessory movements? | A: Assess joint motion required for normal movement and identify restrictions affecting ROM |
| Q: What is measured during accessory movement assessment? | A: Quality of movement, ROM, pain behaviour, resistance, end feel, muscle spasm |
| Q: Why are accessory movements assessed? | A: To identify symptomatic joints, define movement abnormalities, and assess muscle/nerve involvement |
| Q: How do you know if accessory movement is normal? | A: Symmetrical to opposite side, smooth movement, full ROM, no pain, normal end feel |
| Q: What are examples of end feel of joints? | A: Hard (elbow), springy (hip rotation), soft (knee flexion) |
| Q: What principles are used in accessory movements? | A: Isolate movement, fix proximal/move distal, apply force perpendicular to joint, align forearm, move slowly and smoothly |
| Q: What structures are assessed in accessory movements? | A: Arthrokinematics, joint capsule, ligaments, neuromuscular response, articular surfaces |
| Q: What precautions are needed for leg length measurement? | A: No major contraindications; ensure safe patient and therapist positioning |
| Q: What is the purpose of leg length measurement? | A: Compare sides to identify true vs apparent shortening |
| Q: What measurements are used for leg length? | A: ASIS to medial malleolus, xiphisternum to medial malleolus, greater trochanter to knee, knee to medial malleolus |
| Q: How do you identify the site of shortening related to leg length? | A: Segment differences = femur/tibia; no segment difference = above greater trochanter |
| Q: What is normal in leg length measurement? | A: No difference between sides |
| Q: What principles are used in leg length measuring? | A: Patient supine, tape straight, no stretch/twist, consistent units, measure 3 times and average, compare sides |
| Q: What structures are assessed in leg length measuring? | A: Pelvis, femur, tibia |
| Q: What processes are assessed in leg length measuring? | A: True vs apparent leg length discrepancy and site of shortening |
| Q: What are the contraindications/precautions for peripheral joint ROM? | A: New/unhealed fractures, uncontrolled/excessive pain, dislocation/subluxation, hypermobility, haemophilia |
| Q: What is the purpose of peripheral joint ROM measurement? | A: Measure joint range to assess movement ease, full ROM, pain/stiffness, and track progress |
| Q: What is measured in peripheral joint ROM? | A: Joint ROM to its limit |
| Q: How do you know if ROM is normal? | A: Symmetrical both sides, full ROM, no pain, within normal range |
| Q: What principles are used for peripheral joint ROM? | A: Measure 3 times (average), correct goniometer alignment (axis, arms), compare both sides |
| Q: What structures are assessed for peripheral joint ROM? | A: Joint capsule, ligaments, muscles |
| Q: What processes are assessed for peripheral joint ROM? | A: PROM, ROM, pattern of restriction, end feel |
| Q: What are the contraindications/precautions for spinal ROM? | A: New/unhealed fractures, uncontrolled pain, dislocation/subluxation, hypermobility, haemophilia |
| Q: What is the purpose of spinal ROM measurement? | A: Assess spinal movement and establish baseline for tracking treatment progress |
| Q: What is measured in spinal ROM? | A: Flexion, extension, side flexion, rotation (cervical/lumbar) |
| Q: How do you know if spinal ROM is normal? | A: Compare to non-affected side or normative data for age |
| Q: What principles are used in spinal ROM? | A: Correct bony landmarks, avoid trick movements, measure 3 times (average), compare sides |
| Q: What structures/processes are assessed in spinal ROM? | A: Overall spinal mobility, movement quality, contribution of spine vs pelvis/hips |
| Q: What are the contraindications/precautions for PEFR? | A: Vomiting/nausea, pneumothorax, recent surgery, aneurysms, increased ICP |
| Q: What is the purpose of PEFR? | A: Measure expiratory flow to monitor lung conditions and treatment effectiveness |
| Q: What is measured for PEFR? | A: Air expired (flow, volume, time) |
| Q: How do you know if PEFR is normal? | A: Compare to predicted values (age, height, gender) or improvement over time |
| Q: What principles are used for PEFR? | A: 3 attempts (take best), tight seal, explosive start, no coughing/hesitation |
| Q: What structures are assessed for PEFR? | A: Airways (trachea, bronchi), proximal airways |
| Q: What processes are assessed for PEFR? | A: Forced expiration, airway obstruction, respiratory muscle strength |
| Q: What precautions are needed for breathing pattern analysis? | A: No major contraindications; consider patient status, pain, vomiting |
| Q: What is the purpose of breathing pattern analysis? | A: Assess ventilation efficiency, work of breathing, and identify dysfunction |
| Q: What is assessed in breathing pattern analysis? | A: Pursed lips, accessory muscle use, I:E ratio, respiratory rate, chest movement, abdominal sync |
| Q: How do you know if breathing is normal? | A: No pursed lips, no accessory use, 1:2 I:E ratio, RR 12–20, normal chest/abdominal movement |
| Q: What principles are used in breathing pattern analysis? | A: Assess in order, patient long sitting, rested, observe discreetly (e.g. while taking pulse), expose chest |
| Q: What structures are assessed in breathing pattern analysis? | A: Accessory muscles, diaphragm, abdominal wall, rib cage, upper airway |
| Q: What processes are assessed in breathing pattern analysis? | A: Breathing control, ventilation efficiency, work of breathing |
| Q: What are the precautions for HR and BP measurement? | A: Avoid caffeine, smoking, exercise 30 mins prior |
| Q: What are HR-specific precautions? | A: Vomiting/nausea, avoid wounds/painful areas, avoid prolonged carotid palpation (vagus nerve → ↓HR/BP, fainting) |
| Q: What are BP-specific precautions? | A: Vomiting/nausea, avoid wounds, avoid arm with lymphoedema, avoid ipsilateral arm post-breast surgery |
| Q: What is the purpose of HR measurement? | A: Measure heart cycles per minute to assess blood flow, detect tachycardia/bradycardia, monitor effects of exercise/disease/medication |
| Q: What is the purpose of BP measurement? | A: Measure arterial pressure (systolic/diastolic) to screen hypertension, assess CV risk and fitness for activity |
| Q: What is normal HR? | A: 60–100 bpm (adult), regular rhythm and strength |
| Q: What is normal BP? | A: 90/60 – 120/80 mmHg |
| Q: What are HR measurement principles? | A: Patient at rest, count 30s ×2, if irregular → count full minute |
| Q: What are BP measurement principles? | A: Correct cuff size, upper arm, stethoscope on brachial artery, arm at heart level, patient relaxed, repeat ×3 |
| Q: What is assessed by measuring HR and BP? | A: Cardiovascular function via pulse sites and BP technique (brachial artery, cuff positioning) |
| Q: What are precautions for Oxford muscle grading? | A: Pain, recent injury/surgery, fatigue, unstable joints |
| Q: What is the purpose of Oxford muscle grading? | A: Assess muscle strength (0–5 scale) |
| Q: What is measured in Oxford muscle grading? | A: Muscle contraction against gravity and resistance |
| Q: What is normal for Oxford muscle grading? | A: Grade 5 = full movement against gravity + resistance |
| Q: What are the grades in Oxford muscle grading? | A: 0 no contraction, 1 flicker, 2 movement no gravity, 3 movement against gravity, 4 movement against resistance, 5 normal |
| Q: What principles are used in Oxford muscle grading? | A: Correct positioning, stabilise proximal segment, apply resistance gradually, compare both sides |
| Q: What is assessed in Oxford muscle grading? | A: Muscle strength, neuromuscular activation, motor pathways |
| Q: What are precautions/contraindications for 1RM/MRM? | A: Injury, pain, poor technique, spinal issues, fatigue |
| Q: What is the purpose of 1RM/MRM? | A: Measure maximal strength for training prescription |
| Q: What is measured in 1RM/MRM? | A: Maximum weight lifted once (or multiple reps for MRM) |
| Q: What is normal for 1RM/MRM? | A: Relative to individual baseline; improvement over time |
| Q: What principles are used in 1RM/MRM? | A: Warm-up first, correct technique, gradual load increase, adequate rest between attempts |
| Q: What is assessed for 1RM/MRM of bent over row? | A: Back muscles (lats, rhomboids), biceps, posterior chain, neuromuscular strength |
| Q: What is assessed for 1RM/MRM of biceps curl? | A: Biceps brachii, elbow flexors, neuromuscular strength |
| Q: What are the contraindications/precautions for proprioception and coordination assessment? | A: Unstable joints, post-surgery/acute fractures, severe pain, inflammation, high fall risk, muscle weakness/fatigue |
| Q: What is the purpose of proprioception and coordination assessment? | A: Evaluate sensory-motor control, joint position awareness, movement planning, and sensory integration (vestibular, visual, somatosensory) |
| Q: What is assessed in proprioception? | A: Ability to detect joint position and replicate movement without visual input |
| Q: What is assessed in coordination? | A: Accuracy, smoothness, speed, and timing of movement |
| Q: Why is the proprioception and coordination assessment done? | A: To localise impairment (sensory vs motor), identify system involved (proprioceptive vs cerebellar), guide treatment, and monitor progress |
| Q: How do you interpret findings of the proprioception and coordination assessment? | A: Compare symmetry, normal movement patterns, performance with vs without vision, and timing/sequence of movement |
| Q: What principles are used in the proprioception and coordination assessment? | A: Use standardised tests (e.g. finger-nose, heel-shin), repeat movements, vary speed, compare sides, test with and without vision |
| Q: What receptors are involved in proprioception and coordination? | A: Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, joint receptors, skin mechanoreceptors |
| Q: What neural structures are assessed in the proprioception and coordination assessment? | A: Peripheral nerves, dorsal column-medial lemniscus, spinocerebellar tracts, posterior column |
| Q: What brain structures are assessed in the proprioception and coordination assessment? | A: Cerebellum (timing/error correction), motor cortex (movement control), somatosensory cortex |
| Q: What other systems are involved in proprioception and coordination? | A: Vestibular system and neuromuscular control |
| Q: What is the purpose of light touch assessment (CNS)? | A: Assess CNS sensory pathway integrity and identify lesion level (dermatomes) |
| Q: What is measured in light touch assessment? | A: Detection of light touch, sensitivity, symmetry |
| Q: Why is light touch assessment done? | A: Identify location and severity of sensory loss due to nerve damage |
| Q: What principles are used in light touch assessment? | A: Compare sides, test multiple areas, eyes closed, random timing, repeat |
| Q: What is assessed in CNS light touch assessment? | A: DCML pathway (dorsal column, medial lemniscus, thalamus, cortex) |
| Q: What are contraindications of light touch assessment? | A: Open wounds, sensitive skin, excessive pain |
| Q: What is the purpose of PNS light touch assessment? | A: Assess peripheral nerve integrity and identify localised nerve injury |
| Q: What is normal in light touch assessment? | A: Symmetrical sensation, correct localisation, patient aware of touch |
| Q: What is assessed in PNS light touch assessment? | A: Mechanoreceptors (Meissner’s, Merkel), A-beta fibres, peripheral sensory nerves |
| Q: What precautions and contraindications should be considered when performing myotome testing? | A: Acute injury, severe pain, recent surgery, unstable joints, fractures, and fatigue |
| Q: What is the purpose of performing myotome testing? | A: To assess motor function of specific spinal nerve roots and identify neurological deficits |
| Q: What is being measured during myotome testing? | A: Muscle strength linked to specific spinal nerve roots |
| Q: Why is myotome testing clinically important? | A: To identify the level and severity of nerve root injury, guide treatment, and monitor progress |
| Q: What findings indicate normal myotome function? | A: Strong, symmetrical muscle contraction with no weakness and normal myotome pattern |
| Q: What principles should be followed when carrying out myotome testing? | A: Correct positioning, stabilise proximal segment, apply resistance, compare both sides, follow standard sequence |
| Q: What structures are assessed during myotome testing? | A: Muscles, peripheral nerves, and spinal nerve roots |
| Q: What physiological processes are assessed during myotome testing? | A: Motor pathway integrity and neuromuscular activation |
| Q: What precautions and contraindications should be considered when assessing muscle tone? | A: Severe pain, acute injury, recent surgery, unstable joints, and fractures |
| Q: What is the purpose of assessing muscle tone? | A: To evaluate resistance to passive movement and identify abnormalities in tone |
| Q: What is being measured during a muscle tone assessment? | A: Resistance of muscle during passive movement |
| Q: Why is muscle tone assessment clinically important? | A: To identify hypotonia, hypertonia, spasticity, rigidity, and underlying neurological dysfunction |
| Q: What findings indicate normal muscle tone? | A: Slight, consistent resistance that is symmetrical and not excessively stiff or floppy |
| Q: What principles should be followed when assessing muscle tone? | A: Patient relaxed, passive movement through range, vary speed, compare both sides |
| Q: What structures are assessed during muscle tone assessment? | A: Muscles, muscle spindles, and joints |
| Q: What physiological processes are assessed during muscle tone assessment? | A: Reflex activity, CNS control (UMN vs LMN), and neuromuscular regulation of tone |
| Q: Precautions/contraindications of balance testing? | A: Falls risk, dizziness/vertigo, unstable fractures, recent surgery, severe CV/neuro instability. |
| Q: Purpose of balance testing– what are you measuring and why? | A: Postural stability and balance systems (vestibular, visual, proprioception) → identify impairments and fall risk. |
| Q: How do you know if balance is normal? | A: Minimal sway, no compensations, symmetrical performance, meets normative/functional expectations. |
| Q: Principles of balance testing? | A: Ensure safety, guard patient, standardise test, progress difficulty (static → dynamic, eyes open → closed), compare sides. |
| Q: Structures/processes assessed during balance testing? | A: Vestibular system, visual system, proprioceptors, CNS (cerebellum), muscles/joints; postural control, coordination, sensory integration. |
| Q: Precautions/contraindications of muscle length testing? | A: Acute injury, fracture, severe pain, inflammation, joint instability, hypermobility. |
| Q: Purpose of muscle length testing – what are you measuring and why? | A: Muscle extensibility and resistance to passive stretch → identify tightness affecting movement. |
| Q: How do you know if muscle length is normal? | A: Symmetrical ROM, normal end-feel (soft/elastic), no pain, within expected range. |
| Q: Principles of muscle length testing? | A: Stabilise one segment, isolate muscle, slow passive movement, move to end range, compare sides. |
| Q: Structures/processes assessed during muscle length testing? | A: Muscles, tendons, fascia, joint capsule; muscle extensibility, passive tension, stretch tolerance. |
Created by:
edhales