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ISS Final Exam
2025-2026
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What principle means government power comes from the people? | Popular sovereignty |
| What principle means government depends on the people’s permission to rule? | Consent of the governed |
| What principle means everyone, including leaders, must follow the law? | Rule of law |
| What principle means government power is restricted by law and the Constitution? | Limited government |
| What principle divides power between national and state governments? | Federalism |
| What principle divides government power among three branches? | Separation of powers |
| What system lets each branch limit the power of the other branches? | Checks and balances |
| What principle means citizens elect representatives to make public decisions? | Republicanism |
| What term means actions citizens take to improve their community or government? | Civic engagement |
| What term means a system of rules used to govern a community or country? | Government |
| What term means a written plan for government and rights? | Constitution |
| What section of the Constitution explains the goals of government? | Preamble |
| What phrase in the Preamble shows power begins with citizens? | We the People |
| What term means changing a document such as the Constitution? | Amendment |
| What amendment created birthright citizenship, due process, and equal protection? | 14th Amendment |
| Which amendment protected voting rights for Black men? | 15th Amendment |
| Which amendment created direct election of senators? | 17th Amendment |
| Which amendment gave women the right to vote? | 19th Amendment |
| Which amendment gave Washington, D.C., electoral votes for president? | 23rd Amendment |
| Which amendment banned poll taxes in federal elections? | 24th Amendment |
| Which amendment lowered the voting age to 18? | 26th Amendment |
| What term means the right to vote? | Suffrage |
| What clause of the 14th Amendment requires fair treatment by government? | Equal Protection Clause |
| What clause of the 14th Amendment protects fair legal procedures? | Due Process Clause |
| What term means official government actions used to solve public problems? | Public policy |
| What term means expected results of a law or policy? | Intended consequences |
| What term means unexpected results of a law or policy? | Unintended consequences |
| What term means something produced by a cause or action? | Consequence |
| What type of source was created by someone who experienced the event? | Primary source |
| What type of source was created by someone who did not experience the event firsthand? | Secondary source |
| What group opposed ratification of the Constitution in 1787? | Anti-Federalists |
| What collection of essays defended ratification of the Constitution? | Federalist Papers |
| What term means the generation that helped create the United States? | Founding generation |
| What term means ideas and virtues that shaped the founding of the United States? | Founding principles |
| What Enlightenment idea says people are born with basic freedoms? | Natural rights |
| What term means rights that cannot be taken away because people are born with them? | Inalienable rights |
| Which Enlightenment thinker argued for natural rights and consent of the governed? | John Locke |
| Which Enlightenment thinker argued people need strong government to prevent disorder? | Hobbes |
| What term means an agreement between people and government? | Social contract |
| What form of government gives power to the people directly or through representatives? | Democracy |
| What form of democracy lets citizens vote on laws themselves? | Direct democracy |
| What form of democracy lets citizens elect leaders to make laws? | Representative democracy |
| What form of government has citizens elect representatives to make laws for everyone? | Republic |
| What form of government places power in one ruler, often by heredity? | Monarchy |
| What form of government gives one ruler unlimited power? | Absolute monarchy |
| What form of government limits a monarch with laws or elected institutions? | Constitutional monarchy |
| What form of government gives one leader total control, often by force? | Dictatorship |
| What form of government is controlled by religious leaders or religious law? | Theocracy |
| What form of government is ruled by a small group? | Oligarchy |
| What system has no effective government or central authority? | Anarchy |
| What system divides power between national and state governments? | Federal system |
| What system gives most power to one central government? | Unitary system |
| What system lets states keep most power while loosely joining together? | Confederal system |
| What branch makes laws? | Legislative branch |
| What branch enforces laws? | Executive branch |
| What branch interprets laws? | Judicial branch |
| What term means the process of making laws? | Legislative process |
| What term means a proposed law? | Bill |
| Where are bills studied, revised, and debated before a full vote? | Committee |
| What presidential power rejects a bill passed by Congress? | Veto |
| What power allows Congress to cancel a presidential veto? | Override |
| What congressional power controls government spending? | Power of the purse |
| What congressional power investigates how laws are carried out? | Oversight |
| What term means a formal accusation against a public official? | Impeachment |
| Which chamber is based on state population? | House of Representatives |
| Which chamber gives equal representation to each state? | Senate |
| What term means the nationwide population count every ten years? | Census |
| What term means redrawing voting district lines after a census? | Redistricting |
| What term means drawing district lines to help one political party? | Gerrymandering |
| What term means an elected official already in office and running again? | Incumbent |
| What term means permanent government workers who carry out laws? | Bureaucracy |
| What term means organizations that try to influence public policy? | Interest groups |
| What term means a person who tries to influence lawmakers? | Lobbyist |
| What term means organized groups that try to win elections and influence policy? | Political parties |
| What term means a party’s official statement of beliefs and policy goals? | Party platform |
| What term means a system of beliefs about government and public policy? | Political ideology |
| What ideology generally supports limited government and free markets? | Conservatism |
| What ideology generally supports government action to reduce inequality? | Liberalism |
| What ideology supports very limited government and strong individual freedom? | Libertarianism |
| What field studies Earth’s physical features and human activity? | Geography |
| What branch studies landforms, climate, and natural processes? | Physical geography |
| What branch studies population, culture, migration, and human systems? | Human geography |
| What branch studies how humans interact with the natural environment? | Environmental geography |
| What term means the exact spot where latitude and longitude meet? | Absolute location |
| What term describes a place compared with other places? | Relative location |
| What tools are used to map and analyze Earth and human societies? | Geospatial technologies |
| What geographic tool uses digital map layers to analyze patterns? | GIS |
| What term means the relative size or ratio shown on a map? | Scale |
| What lines measure distance north and south of the Equator? | Latitude |
| What lines measure distance east and west of the Prime Meridian? | Longitude |
| What line divides Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres? | Equator |
| What line divides Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres? | Prime Meridian |
| What map shows countries, states, borders, and capitals? | Political map |
| What map shows mountains, rivers, plains, and elevation? | Physical map |
| What map uses contour lines to show elevation and terrain? | Topographic map |
| What map shows one topic such as population, climate, or income? | Thematic map |
| What map changes the size of places to represent data? | Cartogram |
| What map feature explains symbols and colors? | Legend |
| What map feature shows direction? | Compass rose |
| What theme of geography identifies where something is located? | Location |
| What theme of geography describes human and physical traits of an area? | Place |
| What theme of geography groups areas with similar traits? | Region |
| What theme of geography studies travel of people, goods, ideas, and information? | Movement |
| What theme studies how people adapt to and change the environment? | Human-environment interaction |
| What term means a defined geographic area? | Region |
| What term means ways humans shape and reshape Earth through daily activities? | Human systems |
| What term means learned beliefs, customs, language, and ways of life? | Culture |
| What term means ideas, beliefs, or customs spreading from place to place? | Cultural diffusion |
| What term means movement of people from one place to another? | Migration |
| What factors drive people away from a place? | Push factors |
| What factors attract people to a new place? | Pull factors |
| What term means a person who moves to a new country to live? | Immigrant |
| What term means the natural world, including water, forests, minerals, and land? | Physical environment |
| What resources can replace themselves naturally over time? | Renewable resources |
| What resources cannot be replaced quickly after use? | Nonrenewable resources |
| What field studies choices about limited resources? | Economics |
| What problem exists when resources are limited but wants are unlimited? | Scarcity |
| What is the next best alternative given up when making a choice? | Opportunity cost |
| What decision method compares what is gained and what is given up? | Cost-benefit analysis |
| What term means an unexpected result of an action or policy? | Unintended consequence |
| What term means unexpected costs or benefits from actions or policies? | Unintended costs and benefits |
| What term means something that encourages action or effort? | Incentive |
| What term means the process of buying and selling? | Commerce |
| What term means a system of production, consumption, and exchange? | Economy |
| What term means buyers and sellers interacting to exchange goods and services? | Market |
| What term means willingness and ability to purchase a good or service? | Demand |
| What term means the amount sellers are willing and able to provide? | Supply |
| What price occurs when supply and demand are equal? | Equilibrium price |
| What happens when quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied? | Shortage |
| What happens when quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded? | Surplus |
| What happens to price when demand increases and supply stays the same? | Price rises |
| What happens to price when supply increases and demand stays the same? | Price falls |
| What happens to the demand curve when demand increases? | Shifts right |
| What happens to the supply curve when supply increases? | Shifts right |
| What term means using resources in the best way while minimizing waste? | Efficiency |
| What term means focusing on one task, skill, or product? | Specialization |
| What term means producing something more efficiently than another person or group? | Comparative advantage |
| What term means a system moving a product from producer to consumer? | Chain of supply |
| What term means the resources used to make goods and services? | Factors of production |
| What factor of production includes natural resources? | Land |
| What factor of production includes human work used for production? | Labor |
| What factor of production includes tools, machines, and financial assets used in production? | Capital |
| What term means financial gain after costs are paid? | Profit |
| What economic system relies on customs, history, and tradition? | Traditional economy |
| What economic system is controlled mainly by government planning? | Command economy |
| What economic system is guided mostly by buyers, sellers, and prices? | Market economy |
| What economic system combines private choice with government involvement? | Mixed economy |
| What term means a market controlled by one seller? | Monopoly |
| What term means a market controlled by a few large sellers? | Oligopoly |
| What term means the total value of goods and services produced in a country? | GDP |
| What term means prices stay mostly stable over time? | Price stability |
| What policy uses government spending and taxes to influence the economy? | Fiscal policy |
| What policy uses money supply and interest rates to influence the economy? | Monetary policy |
| When was the Declaration of Independence adopted? | July 4, 1776 |
| What amendment repealed Prohibition? | 21st Amendment |
| What does the Cabinet do for the President? | Advises the President |
| What written rule guides executive agencies? | Executive order |
| What are executive department leaders called? | Cabinet Secretaries |
| Which case established judicial review? | Marbury v. Madison |
| Why did the Constitution replace the Articles of Confederation? | Stronger national government |
| Who chooses the prime minister in a parliamentary democracy? | Legislative majority |
| What democracy has a president separate from lawmakers? | Presidential democracy |
| What is the state of nature? | Life without government |
| Can higher courts choose not to hear an appeal? | Yes |
| Which chamber begins revenue bills? | House of Representatives |
| Which chamber approves treaties and appointments? | Senate |
| Which branch declares war? | Legislative branch |
| Which article of the Constitution explains the lawmaking powers of Congress? | Article I |
| Which article of the Constitution explains the powers of the President and executive branch? | Article II |
| Which article of the Constitution explains the Supreme Court and judicial branch? | Article III |
| Which article of the Constitution explains relationships among the states? | Article IV |
| Which article of the Constitution explains the amendment process? | Article V |
Created by:
rockcastle