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BIO 1802 Exam 4, #3

Chapter 32 – Deuterostomes

QuestionAnswer
What does "Echinoderm" literally mean? "Spiny-skin" (echino = spiny; derm = skin).
Contrast the symmetry of echinoderm larvae and adults. Larvae have bilateral symmetry; adults have pentaradial (five-sided) symmetry.
Describe the echinoderm water vascular system. A system of fluid-filled tubes that forms a hydrostatic skeleton used for movement, respiration, and circulation.
What are tube feet used for? Feeding, movement, and sensing the environment.
Why is the sea star Pisaster ochraceus considered a keystone species? Its presence maintains community diversity by preventing mussels from dominating the rocky intertidal zone.
What are the four synapomorphies defining Phylum Chordata? Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord (DHNC), pharyngeal slits or pouches, and a muscular post-anal tail.
What does the dorsal hollow nerve cord (DHNC) develop into in vertebrates? The spinal cord.
What does the notochord do? It provides structural support and helps organize body development in the embryo.
What do pharyngeal pouches develop into in aquatic vertebrates? Gills.
What five synapomorphies define Subphylum Vertebrata? Cranium, vertebrae, paired sense organs, gills, and a three-part brain.
What is the adaptive advantage of the cranium and vertebral column? They protect the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
What are Gnathostomes? Vertebrates with jaws.
What is the "gill-arch hypothesis"? The theory that jaws evolved from modified anterior gill arches.
What is the adaptive advantage of jaws? They allowed vertebrates to transition from filter-feeding to biting and active predation.
Describe the skeleton of Chondrichthyes (sharks/rays). A cartilaginous endoskeleton (not bony).
Which vertebrate group is the most biodiverse? Ray-finned fishes.
What is a "fishapod" (e.g., Tiktaalik)? A transitional fossil showing fish-like features (scales, fins) and tetrapod-like features (flat head, lungs, neck, limb-like fins).
What are amphibians? The first land-dwelling tetrapods that remain "bound to water" for reproduction.
How do amphibians breathe? Through their moist skin (cutaneous breathing) and lungs using buccal pumping.
Define Amniotes. A clade including reptiles (including birds) and mammals defined by the evolution of the amniotic egg.
What is the adaptive advantage of the amniotic egg? Its protective shell prevents drying out, allowing reproduction to occur away from water.
Name the four membranes of the amniotic egg and their functions. Amnion (contains embryo), Yolk sac (nutrients), Allantois (contains waste), and Chorion (gas exchange).
What are mammalian synapomorphies? Lactation (mammary glands) and fur or hair made of keratin.
Name the three major lineages of mammals. Monotremes (egg-laying), Marsupials (pouch-bearing), and Placentals (well-developed placenta).
How do Monotremes reproduce? They lay amniotic eggs (oviparous).
How do Marsupials reproduce? Young are born very early and complete development while suckling in the mother's pouch (viviparous).
What is a placenta? An organ that combines maternal and embryonic tissues (allantois and chorion) to nourish the embryo internally.
How do you distinguish mammals from reptiles? Mammals have fur, mammary glands, and specialized teeth (dental formulas).
What are the synapomorphies of reptiles? Skin covered with scales made of hard keratin and an amniotic egg.
What adaptations do birds (Class Aves) have for flight? Feathers, hollow bones with struts, elongated keel for muscle attachment, and endothermy.
Contrast Fish and Mammal hearts. Fish have a 2-chambered heart with 1 circuit; Mammals have a 4-chambered heart with 2 circuits.
Which heart type do amphibians and most reptiles have? A 3-chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle).
Created by: bbrdd
 

 



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