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BIO 1802 Exam 4, #2
Chapters 30.4 & 31 – Invertebrates
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the specialized feeding cells in sponges? | Choanocytes (collar cells) that trap food particles. |
| What structural elements provide support in sponges? | Spicules (stiff spikes made of silica or calcium carbonate). |
| Trace the flow of water through a sponge. | Water enters through ostia (pores), passes into the spongocoel (central cavity), and exits through the osculum. |
| What is the defining synapomorphy of Phylum Cnidaria? | Cnidocytes, which are specialized stinging cells used for prey capture and defense. |
| What are the two adult body forms in Cnidarians? | The sessile polyp and the planktonic medusa. |
| How do corals build reefs? | They are "ecosystem engineers" that secrete calcium carbonate (CaCO3) endoskeletons. |
| Describe the mutualism between corals and protists. | Corals provide shelter for photosynthetic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae), which provide the coral with nutrients. |
| What causes "coral bleaching"? | High temperatures or acidification cause symbionts to die or leave, leaving the white skeleton exposed. |
| Define a protostome. | An animal where the mouth develops before the anus during embryonic gastrulation. |
| What are the two major lineages of protostomes? | Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. |
| How do Lophotrochozoans differ from Ecdysozoans in growth? | Lophotrochozoans grow incrementally (small steps), while Ecdysozoans grow intermittently by molting. |
| What adaptations allowed protostomes to transition from water to land? | Specialized organs for gas exchange (like internal gills or tracheae) and structures to prevent desiccation (like cuticles or shells). |
| What is a hemocoel? | An open body cavity where organs are bathed in fluid (hemolymph), found in many mollusks and arthropods. |
| What is the synapomorphy for Phylum Annelida? | Chaetae (bristle-like hairs). |
| What are the three main components of the Mollusca body plan? | The muscular foot, the visceral mass, and the mantle. |
| What is the radula in mollusks? | A unique rasp-like feeding organ with "file-like teeth" used to scrape food. |
| How is the mollusk foot modified in cephalopods (e.g., squids)? | It is modified into tentacles used for grasping prey. |
| What function does the mantle serve in mollusks? | It secretes the shell and can form a mantle cavity used for gas exchange or jet propulsion. |
| Define ecdysis. | The process of shedding an exoskeleton or cuticle to allow for growth (molting). |
| What is the model organism for Phylum Nematoda? | Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). |
| What are the three key features that define Phylum Arthropoda? | Segmented body (tagmata), chitinous exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. |
| Distinguish between a cuticle and an exoskeleton. | A cuticle is a thin, elastic protective layer (Nematodes); an exoskeleton is a hard, rigid structure (Arthropods). |
| What are tagmata? | Specialized body regions, such as the head, thorax, and abdomen in insects. |
| Why is segmentation critical for arthropods? | It allows for functional specialization of appendages (e.g., walking, swimming, feeding). |
| How many pairs of walking legs do insects have? | Three pairs, extending from the thorax. |
| How many pairs of antennae do insects and crustaceans have? | Insects have one pair; most crustaceans have two pairs. |
| Name two common parasitic nematodes. | Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) and Hookworms (Necator americanus). |
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