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BIO 1802 Exam 4, #1

Chapter 30 – Introduction to Animals

QuestionAnswer
What are the defining features of an animal? Multicellularity, an extracellular matrix (ECM) containing collagen, heterotrophy, motility (at some stage), and most have neurons and muscle cells.
What are the two major non-taxonomic groups of animals? Invertebrates (lack a backbone) and vertebrates (have a backbone).
Which group represents the vast majority (95%) of animal species? Invertebrates
What is the "Cambrian Explosion"? A period roughly 541 million years ago when nearly all major animal phyla originated and diversified suddenly.
What is the sister group to animals? Choanoflagellates (sessile, colonial protists).
How are sponges similar to choanoflagellates? Both are sessile and use specialized feeding cells called choanocytes to trap food particles from water.
Define a diploblast. An animal whose embryos have two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm.
Define a triploblast. An animal whose embryos have three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
What tissues does the ectoderm give rise to? The skin and the nervous system (including the brain).
What tissues does the endoderm give rise to? The lining of the digestive tract and some organs.
What tissues does the mesoderm give rise to? Muscles, bones, and most internal organs.
Describe radial symmetry. A body plan with at least two planes of symmetry (e.g., jellyfish, corals).
Describe bilateral symmetry. A body plan with a single plane of symmetry, resulting in distinct front/back and top/bottom sides.
Define cephalization. The evolution of a head (anterior) region where structures for feeding, sensing environment, and processing information are concentrated.
What is the adaptive advantage of cephalization and a Central Nervous System (CNS)? It allows for directed movement and efficient processing of sensory stimuli.
What is a nerve net? A diffuse network of neurons found in radially symmetric animals (e.g., Hydra).
What is a coelom? A fluid-filled body cavity completely lined with mesoderm-derived tissue.
Define acoelomate. Animals that have no enclosed body cavity (e.g., flatworms).
Define pseudocoelomate. Animals that have a body cavity only partially lined with mesoderm-derived tissue (e.g., roundworms).
What is the "tube-within-a-tube" body plan? An inner tube (gut) and outer tube (skin) separated by a fluid-filled cavity (coelom).
Define segmentation. The division of a body into a series of similar parts.
What is the adaptive advantage of segmentation? It allows for specialized functions in different body regions and facilitates more complex movement.
Describe a deposit feeder. An animal that eats its way through a substrate, digesting organic matter (e.g., earthworms).
Describe a suspension (filter) feeder. An animal that filters small organisms or food particles from water (e.g., sponges, barnacles).
Describe a mass feeder. An animal that ingests chunks of food (e.g., humans, lions).
Describe a fluid feeder. An animal that sucks or mops up liquids like nectar or blood (e.g., butterflies, mosquitoes).
Define viviparous reproduction. Species where embryos are nourished internally and the mother gives birth to live young.
Define oviparous reproduction. Species that deposit fertilized eggs; embryos are nourished by yolk.
Define ovoviviparous reproduction. Species that retain eggs internally, where embryos are nourished by yolk before giving birth to live young.
What is metamorphosis? A drastic change from one developmental stage (e.g., larva) to another (e.g., adult).
What is the adaptive advantage of metamorphosis? It reduces competition for food between larvae and adults and facilitates dispersal.
Created by: bbrdd
 

 



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