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AP Gov- Study Tools
AP Gov
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1st | Freedom of speech, religion (establishment and free exercise), press, assembly, and petition |
| 2nd | The right to own and bear arms |
| 3rd | Quartering of soldiers |
| 4th | Protection of citizens against illegal search and seizure of private property |
| 5th | Freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy, right to due process |
| 6th | Criminal trials: right to a speedy trial with witnesses, right to a lawyer |
| 7th | Right to a trial by jury in a civil case |
| 8th | Protection against excessive fines, cruel and unusual punishment |
| 9th | Constitution is not an exclusive list of rights (non listed go to people) |
| 10th | States retain all privileges not given to the Federal government |
| 11th | Interprets judicial powers |
| 12th | Sets guidelines for electing the President and Vice President |
| 13th | Abolishes the practice of slavery |
| 14th | Defines citizenship and limits states from violating the equal protection of all citizens. Source for selective incorporation. |
| 15th | Prohibits limiting the right to vote based on race |
| 16th | Authorizes the collection of federal income tax |
| 17th | Provides for election of Senators by direct popular vote |
| 18th | Prohibits the manufacture, sale or transportation of liquor |
| 19th | Women's suffrage |
| 20th | Changed inauguration day from March to January (shortened lame duck period) |
| 21st | Repealed 18th Amendment (prohibition) |
| 22nd | Limits the President to 2 terms or 10 years |
| 23rd | Grants Presidential voting rights to the District of Columbia |
| 24th | Bars poll tax in federal elections |
| 25th | Provides for Presidential disability and succession |
| 26th | Lowers the legal voting age to 18 |
| 27th | Congressional pay raises take effect only after next election |
| Decleration of Independence | Declared Independence from Britain - justification for “divorce” Identified Natural Rights - Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness and gov.’s job to protect them Consent of the Governed; Popular Sovereignty; Social Contract Theory Limited government |
| Articles of Confederation | Confederal Government; Weak- Congress not given many powers Unicameral Legislature Each State = 1 vote (2-7 delegates); 9/13 votes needed to pass laws No Executive / No Judicial No power to raise an army |
| US Constitution | Outlines the structure of the government Three branches of government w/ check and balances Relationships between states Amendment process 27 Amendments (including the Bill of Rights) |
| Federalist 10 | Factions are inevitable - cannot destroy them, so must manage them Large Republic is the best form of government to address factions - too difficult for any one faction to gain power; less likely for corruption |
| Brutus 1 | Constitution gives too much power to central government Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) is a blank check to Congress Supremacy Clause -- state governments will be obsolete; impotent Too large of a country for congress |
| Federalist 51 | Power is divided between three branches of government, each w/ little control over the other national/ state government; House and Senate are divided & elected in different ways (back then) Checks and Balances -- Gov. must be powerful enough to control |
| Federalist 70 | Argues for a single, “energetic” executive (president) “energy in the executive is the leading character in the definition of good government.” President must be single person; having a dual executive or committee will lead to confusion |
| Federalist 78 | “The least dangerous branch” -- Independent and inherently weaker than the other 2 branches -- cannot enforce its decisions Lays judgement can't influence interpret the constitution Judiciary must be independent; case for lifetime appointments |
| Marbury v. Madison 1803 | Used the Judicial Branch’s inherent power from Article III of the Constitution to establish judicial review as constitutional affirming checks and balances and separation of powers Judicial Review |
| McCulloch V. Maryland 1819 | Used the supremacy clause from Article VI of the Constitution to affirm the supremacy of the federal government and the US Constitution over the states and state laws Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause) -- established implied power doctrine |
| US v. Lopez 1995 | Congress may not use the commerce clause, Article I Section 8, to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime Article I, Section 8 Commerce Clause 10th Amendment Reserved Powers Devolution |
| Engel V. Vitale 1962 | School sponsorship of religious activities violates the establishment clause in the 1st amendment 1st Amendment; religion establishment clause |
| Wisconson V. Yoder 1972 | Forcing Amish students to attend school past 8th grade violates the free exercise clause of the 1st amendment 1st Amendment; religion free exercise clause |
| Tinker V. Des Moines school district 1969 | Public school students retain 1st amendment freedom of speech/expression while on campus, as long as it doesn’t “disrupt the learning environment” 1st Amendment, Free Speech Symbolic speech captive audience doctrine |
| NY Times V. US 1971 | Ensures freedom of press clause of the 1st amendment by limiting prior restraint except in extreme cases 1st Amendment, free press prior restraint is limited “Pentagon Papers” |
| Schenk V. US 1919 | Speech that represents a “clear and present danger” is not protected speech under the freedom of speech clause in the 1st amendment 1st Amendment, Free Speech “clear and present danger” “yelling ‘Fire!’ in a crowded theater not protected |
| Gitlow V. New York 1925 | The first case that used the selective incorporation doctrine, using the due process clause of the 14th amendment to extend the Bill of Rights protections to states Selective Incorporation |
| Gideon V. Wainwright 1963 | Used the 6th amendment to decide that those who cannot afford an attorney will be provided with one, incorporated to the states via the due process clause of the 14th amendment. 14th Amendment Due Process Clause - Selective incorporation 6thcouncel |
| Roe V. Wade 1973 | Used the 4th amendments right to privacy to rule that states could not prevent women from having abortions 3rd Amendment implied privacy) 4th Amendment right to privacy 9th Amendment unenumerated rights are protected 14th due process |
| McDonald V. Chicago 2010 | The 2nd amendment prevents states from limiting gun ownership for self-protection, incorporated to the states via the due process clause of the 14th amendment. 14th Amendment due process clause 2nd amendment |
| Brown V. Board of Education 1954 | School segregation violates the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment - overturned Plessy v. Ferguson’s separate but equal doctrine 14th Equal Protection Clause |
| Baker V. Carr 1961 | Used the equal protection clause in the 14th amendment to apply to redistricting - established “one person one vote” doctrine One man, one vote |
| Shaw V. Reno 1993 | Used equal protection clause in the 14th amendment to prohibit states from racial gerrymandering 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause Section V of the Voting Rights Act |
| Citizens United V. Federal Election Commission | Political spending by corporations and organizations is protected speech under the 1st amendment and cannot be limited by government 1st Amendment Free Speech (Used Buckley v. Valeo - campaign donations were protected |
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