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hgap 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| affordability | ability of people to pay for housing relative to income |
| agricultural surplus | excess food produced beyond subsistence needs |
| anti-displacement tenant activists | people advocating for protection of tenants from being displaced |
| automobile cities | cities designed around car transportation |
| below market rate housing | housing offered at lower than market prices |
| blockbusting | practice of encouraging homeowners to sell quickly due to fear of racial or economic change |
| boomburb (boomburg) | rapidly growing suburban city |
| brownfield remediation | process of cleaning up contaminated land for reuse |
| brownfields | abandoned or underused industrial sites potentially contaminated |
| built environment | human-made surroundings including buildings, roads, and infrastructure |
| capitalism | economic system based on private ownership and profit |
| central place | settlement providing goods and services to surrounding area |
| central place theory | model explaining the distribution and size of settlements |
| city | large, dense, and permanent settlement |
| communism | economic and political system where property is publicly owned |
| compact design | urban design minimizing sprawl and land use |
| concentric zone model | urban model with rings representing different land uses |
| de facto segregation | segregation occurring in practice, not by law |
| decentralize | movement of people or activities away from a central location |
| diverse housing options | variety of housing types for different incomes and preferences |
| ecological footprint | measure of human demand on Earth’s resources |
| edge city | suburban business center located on city outskirts |
| environmental injustice | unequal exposure of groups to environmental hazards |
| environmental justice | fair treatment of all people regarding environmental laws |
| environmental racism | placement of environmental hazards disproportionately affecting minorities |
| exclusionary zoning | zoning restricting types of housing to limit certain groups |
| exurb | settlement beyond the suburbs, often rural or low-density |
| Farmland Protection Policy Act (FPPA) | US law protecting farmland from urban development |
| first urban revolution | transition from villages to cities in ancient civilizations |
| fiscal imbalance | discrepancy between revenue and expenditure in a city |
| fiscal squeeze | pressure on local governments due to rising costs and limited revenue |
| fiscal zoning | zoning used to increase municipal revenue |
| galactic city model or peripheral model | urban model showing suburban nodes around a core city |
| gated community | residential area with restricted access for security and exclusivity |
| gentrification | process of renovating urban neighborhoods attracting wealthier residents |
| gravity model | model predicting interaction between places based on population size and distance |
| greenbelt | belt of protected open space around a city |
| Griffin-Ford model | Latin American city model with spine, CBD, and periphery |
| housing choice voucher program | US program helping low-income residents pay rent |
| Hoyt model or sector model | urban model showing city in wedge-shaped sectors |
| inclusionary zoning (IZ) | zoning requiring a portion of new housing to be affordable |
| infill development | developing vacant parcels within existing urban areas |
| land tenure | legal or customary rights to land ownership and use |
| metropolis | large city with significant economic, cultural, and political influence |
| metropolitan statistical area | region including a city and its surrounding economically linked areas |
| micropolitan statistical area | urban area with a small core city and surrounding communities |
| mortgage | loan to purchase real estate |
| multiple-nuclei model | urban model showing multiple centers of activity within a city |
| New Urbanism | urban design promoting walkable neighborhoods and mixed-use development |
| NIMBYs | “Not In My Back Yard” opposition to unwanted local development |
| perceived density | subjective impression of population density in an area |
| phytoremediation | use of plants to remove pollutants from soil or water |
| primate city | city disproportionately larger and more influential than other cities in a country |
| range | maximum distance people are willing to travel for a good or service |
| rank-size rule | rule describing the distribution of city sizes in a country |
| redevelopment | renewal of urban areas through reconstruction or investment |
| redlining | discriminatory practice denying loans or insurance based on neighborhood |
| scattered developments | low-density housing spread across rural or suburban land |
| second urban revolution | industrialization leading to urban growth in the 18th–19th centuries |
| site | physical characteristics of a place |
| situation | location of a place relative to other places |
| slow-growth city | city intentionally limiting growth to preserve resources or quality of life |
| smart growth | planning approach to reduce sprawl and promote sustainable development |
| social controls | mechanisms regulating behavior in urban societies |
| socioeconomic stratification | division of urban population by income, occupation, or education |
| sprawl | unplanned, uncontrolled spreading of urban development |
| squatter settlement | informal housing built without legal ownership |
| streetcar suburb | suburb developed along streetcar lines |
| suburb | residential area on the outskirts of a city |
| suburbanization | movement of people from cities to suburbs |
| threshold | minimum population needed to support a service or business |
| urban | characteristics of cities or dense settlements |
| urban area | area defined by high population density and built environment |
| urban cluster | smaller concentration of urban population |
| urban footprint | spatial extent of urban development |
| urban hearth areas | regions where the first cities emerged |
| urban heat island | urban area significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas |
| urban hierarchy | ranking of settlements based on size and function |
| urban renewal | redevelopment of deteriorating urban areas |
| urban risk divide | disparities in vulnerability to environmental or social hazards |
| urban system | network of cities and towns within a region |
| urbanization | increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas |
| urbanization rate | speed at which urban population grows |
| urbanized area | region surrounding a city with continuous urban development |
| violent crime | crime involving force or threat against persons |
| white flight | migration of white residents from neighborhoods experiencing racial change |
| world city | global city with significant influence in international affairs |
| zoning | division of land into zones for specific uses |
| zoning regulations | laws controlling land use and development |
Created by:
ush