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hgap 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| agribusiness | large-scale commercial farming involving integrated food production |
| agrichemicals | chemicals used in agriculture such as fertilizers and pesticides |
| agricultural cooperative | organization of farmers pooling resources to increase efficiency |
| agricultural landscape | land modified by humans for farming |
| agriculture | practice of cultivating crops and raising livestock |
| aquaculture | farming of aquatic organisms such as fish and shellfish |
| aquifer | underground layer of water-bearing rock or sediment |
| arid climate | dry climate with little precipitation |
| bid-rent theory | concept that land value decreases as distance from CBD increases |
| biodiesel | fuel produced from plant or animal oils |
| biodiversity | variety of living organisms in an ecosystem |
| biofuel | fuel derived from biological sources |
| cadastral survey | mapping and recording of property boundaries |
| capital expenditures | money spent to acquire or maintain fixed assets in farming |
| cash crop | crop grown for sale rather than subsistence |
| cassava | starchy root crop important in tropical regions |
| central business district (CBD) | commercial and business center of a city |
| cereal grains | grains such as wheat, rice, and corn |
| climate | long-term patterns of temperature and precipitation |
| clustered settlement or farm village | settlement pattern where homes are grouped together |
| Columbian Exchange | transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Old and New Worlds |
| commercial agriculture | farming primarily for sale, not personal consumption |
| commodity | raw material or agricultural product that can be bought and sold |
| commodity chain | sequence of processes involved in producing and distributing a commodity |
| community-supported agriculture (CSA) | system where consumers buy shares of a farm’s harvest |
| concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) | large-scale industrial livestock operation |
| continental climate | climate with large seasonal temperature differences |
| contract farming | agreement where a company provides inputs and guarantees purchase of farm output |
| conventional agriculture | traditional or industrialized farming methods |
| cool chain | temperature-controlled supply chain for perishable products |
| crossbreeding | breeding of different varieties to improve traits |
| dairying | farming focused on milk and dairy products |
| dead zones | areas in water bodies with low oxygen due to pollution |
| deforestation | removal of forests for agriculture or development |
| desertification | degradation of land in arid regions due to human activity |
| dispersed settlement or isolated settlement pattern | spread-out rural settlements |
| division of labor | specialization of tasks within agricultural production |
| domesticated animal | animal adapted to living with humans |
| domesticated plant | plant adapted for human cultivation |
| domestication | process of adapting plants and animals for human use |
| double-cropping | growing two crops sequentially on the same land in one year |
| endemic | disease or species naturally found in a particular area |
| environmental contamination | pollution affecting ecosystems or crops |
| export commodity | product produced for sale to other countries |
| extensive agriculture | low-input farming over large areas |
| fair trade | trade system promoting equitable treatment of producers |
| family farm | farm owned and operated by a family |
| famine | severe shortage of food |
| farmers | people engaged in agriculture |
| farmers’ market | market where farmers sell directly to consumers |
| farmstead | farm’s central buildings |
| feedlot | facility where livestock are fattened before slaughter |
| Fertile Crescent | region in the Middle East known as the “cradle of agriculture” |
| First Agricultural Revolution | transition from hunting-gathering to farming |
| food desert | urban area lacking access to fresh, healthy food |
| food insecurity | lack of reliable access to sufficient food |
| food security | access to enough nutritious food |
| genetically modified organism (GMO) | organism whose DNA has been altered for specific traits |
| global supply chain | network that moves agricultural products from production to consumption |
| grain elevator | facility for storing and handling grain |
| grain farming | cultivation of cereal crops |
| Green Revolution | period of agricultural innovation increasing global food production |
| hearth | region where a crop or agricultural practice originated |
| herbicide | chemical used to kill unwanted plants |
| hierarchical diffusion | spread of innovation from larger to smaller areas |
| hinterland | area surrounding a central place from which goods are drawn |
| humid cold climate | climate with cold winters and precipitation year-round |
| humid continental climate | climate with warm summers and cold winters |
| humid subtropical climate | climate with hot, humid summers and mild winters |
| hybrid | offspring resulting from crossbreeding to enhance traits |
| Indus River valley | early agricultural hearth in South Asia |
| intensive agriculture | high-input farming on small land areas |
| intercropping | growing multiple crops together on the same field |
| irrigated agriculture | farming supplied with water through artificial means |
| large-scale commercial operation | farm producing high volumes of crops or livestock |
| linear settlement pattern | settlement arranged in lines along roads, rivers, or canals |
| livestock fattening | raising animals for maximum weight gain before slaughter |
| livestock ranching | raising animals over large areas for meat or products |
| locavores | people who eat locally produced food |
| long-lot survey system | land division pattern with narrow plots along a waterway |
| mariculture | farming of marine organisms in saltwater environments |
| marine west coast climate | climate with mild temperatures and precipitation year-round |
| market gardening | small-scale production of fruits and vegetables for sale |
| mechanical reaper | machine that cuts grain crops efficiently |
| mediterranean climate | climate with dry summers and wet winters |
| Mesoamerica | region in Central America where agriculture originated |
| metes and bounds | land division system using natural features and measurements |
| millet | small-grained cereal crop adapted to arid climates |
| mixed crop/livestock agriculture | farming combining crops and livestock production |
| moderate climate | climate with mild temperatures and adequate rainfall |
| monocropping (monoculture) | growing one crop on a large scale |
| monsoon | seasonal wind bringing wet and dry periods |
| monsoon rains | heavy seasonal rainfall associated with monsoon winds |
| multicropping | growing more than one crop per year |
| nomadic herding (nomadic pastoralism or pastoralism) | raising livestock by moving seasonally |
| nutrient pollution | contamination of soil or water with excess nutrients |
| nutrients | substances essential for plant growth |
| organic farming | farming avoiding synthetic chemicals |
| paddy rice farming | rice cultivation in flooded fields |
| peasants | small-scale farmers or laborers |
| pesticide | chemical used to kill pests |
| physical geography | study of natural features and processes of Earth |
| plantation | large commercial farm specializing in cash crops |
| proprietary seeds | seeds owned and sold by companies with legal rights |
| root crops | crops grown for their underground parts (e.g., cassava, potatoes) |
| runoff | water carrying soil or chemicals into rivers or lakes |
| rural area | non-urban region |
| rural settlement | communities located in countryside areas |
| scythe | hand tool used to cut crops |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | period of increased agricultural productivity with machinery |
| seed drill | device for planting seeds efficiently in rows |
| semiarid (steppe) climate | climate with low rainfall and grassland vegetation |
| settlement patterns | arrangement of human settlements |
| shifting cultivation | agriculture involving rotation of fields with fallow periods |
| silo | storage structure for grain |
| slash-and-burn (swidden) agriculture | clearing land by burning vegetation |
| slow-food | movement emphasizing traditional and local food |
| soil salinity | salt content in soil affecting fertility |
| soil salinization | accumulation of salts in soil due to irrigation |
| sorghum | drought-resistant cereal crop |
| subsidies | government financial support for farmers |
| subsistence agriculture | farming to provide food for farmers’ families |
| suitcase farm | farm operated by absentee owners who live elsewhere |
| survey methods | techniques used to measure and map land |
| sustainable agriculture | farming methods preserving resources for future use |
| synthetic fertilizer | man-made chemical fertilizer |
| teosinte | wild ancestor of modern maize |
| topography | physical features and elevation of land |
| township and range | land division system using grid pattern |
| tropical wet and dry climate | climate with distinct wet and dry seasons |
| tropical wet climate | climate with high temperatures and year-round rainfall |
| truck farm | farm producing vegetables and fruits for market |
| tundra | cold, treeless biome |
| urban farming | growing food in cities |
| value-added specialty crop | crop processed to increase market value |
| water control land reclamation | modifying land to manage water for agriculture |
| water mining | overuse of groundwater beyond recharge rate |
| weather | short-term atmospheric conditions |
Created by:
ush