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hgap 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| African Union (AU) | continental organization promoting political and economic cooperation in Africa |
| allegiance | loyalty or commitment to a state or nation |
| antecedent boundary | boundary established before significant human settlement |
| Arctic Circle | latitude line at approximately 66.5° N marking the polar region |
| Arctic Council | intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation among Arctic states |
| Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) | regional organization promoting economic and political cooperation in Southeast Asia |
| autonomous region | area with some self-governing powers within a state |
| borderland | region near a boundary often influenced by both neighboring states |
| boundary | line separating territories of different states |
| buffer state | independent state located between two powerful states to reduce conflict |
| choke point | narrow passage controlling access to a region (e.g., straits) |
| consequent boundary | boundary drawn to accommodate existing cultural groups |
| core areas | regions within a state with concentrated political, economic, or cultural power |
| core states | most powerful and influential states in the world system |
| cracking | gerrymandering technique dividing opposition voters across districts |
| cultural cohesion | unity based on shared culture, language, or religion |
| delimited | boundary defined on a map |
| demarcated | boundary marked physically with signs, fences, or walls |
| demilitarized zone (DMZ) | area where military forces are prohibited |
| democratization | transition to a democratic political system |
| devolution | transfer of power from central government to subnational units |
| domestic terrorism | terrorism occurring within a state by its own citizens |
| economies of scale | cost advantages gained by increasing production |
| effective sovereignty | actual control a state has over its territory and population |
| Electoral College | body that formally elects the US president |
| electoral geography | study of how spatial patterns influence voting |
| enclave | territory entirely surrounded by another state |
| equitable infrastructure | infrastructure distributed fairly across a state or region |
| escarpments | steep slopes separating different land elevations |
| ETA | Basque separatist group in Spain |
| ethnonationalism | nationalism based on shared ethnicity |
| European Union (EU) | political and economic union of European countries |
| exclave | territory politically attached to a state but geographically separated |
| exclusive economic zone (EEZ) | sea zone extending 200 nautical miles where a state has resource rights |
| failed state | state unable to provide basic governance or security |
| federal state | state with multiple levels of government sharing power |
| frontier | zone where no state exercises full political control |
| geometric boundary | boundary defined by straight lines, often using latitude or longitude |
| gerrymandering | manipulation of voting districts to favor a party or group |
| iconography | symbols and imagery representing a political entity or ideology |
| independent state | state recognized as sovereign and controlling its territory |
| international terrorism | terrorism targeting foreign states or international interests |
| irredentism | claim to territory based on historical or ethnic ties |
| median line principle | boundary drawn equidistant from two coastlines |
| multinational state | state containing multiple ethnic groups with some self-determination |
| multistate nations | nation spread across multiple states |
| nation | group of people sharing common culture, history, and identity |
| nationalism | loyalty and devotion to a nation |
| nation-state ideal | concept that a state should align with a single nation |
| nation-state | state whose population shares a common national identity |
| neocolonialism | continuation of economic or political influence over former colonies |
| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA-USMCA) | trade agreement between the US, Canada, and Mexico |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | military alliance of North American and European countries |
| packing | gerrymandering technique concentrating opposition voters in one district |
| peripheral states | less developed states on the margins of the world economy |
| political geography | study of political organization of space |
| political map | map showing territorial boundaries and political divisions |
| reapportionment | reallocation of legislative seats based on population changes |
| redistricting | redrawing of electoral district boundaries |
| regional trading bloc | group of countries promoting economic cooperation |
| relic boundary | boundary that no longer functions but leaves cultural impact |
| satellite state | state politically and economically dependent on another state |
| self-determination | right of people to govern themselves |
| semiautonomous region | region with partial self-governance |
| shatterbelt | region caught between stronger external cultural or political forces |
| sovereign state | state with full control over its territory and independence |
| state or country | political unit with defined territory and government |
| state terrorism | use of terror by a government against its own people |
| stateless nation | nation without a recognized sovereign state |
| strait | narrow waterway connecting two larger bodies of water |
| subnational terrorism | terrorism conducted by groups within a state |
| subnational units | administrative divisions within a state |
| subsequent boundary | boundary drawn after cultural patterns develop |
| superimposed boundary | boundary imposed without regard to existing cultural patterns |
| supranational organization | organization involving multiple countries for common goals |
| supranationalism | practice of nations working together on shared objectives |
| terrorism | use of violence to achieve political goals |
| uneven development | disparities in economic development across regions |
| unitary state | state where central government holds primary authority |
| United Nations (UN) | international organization promoting peace and cooperation |
| United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) | agreement defining nations’ rights over ocean resources |
| voting district | geographic area represented by elected officials |
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