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hgap 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| age structure | distribution of population by age groups |
| aging population | increasing median age due to lower birth rates and longer life expectancy |
| agricultural density | number of farmers per unit of arable land |
| androcentrism | focus on male perspectives in society |
| Anthropocene | current era defined by significant human impact on Earth |
| antinatalist policy | government policy to reduce birth rates |
| arable land | land suitable for farming |
| arithmetic (crude) density | total population divided by total land area |
| Baby Boomers | people born during population boom after World War II (1946–1964) |
| Black Belt | region in the southeastern US historically associated with African American population |
| Boserup effect | population growth leads to increased food production through innovation |
| brain drain | loss of skilled workers leaving a country |
| brain gain | gain of skilled workers entering a country |
| carrying capacity | maximum population an area can support sustainably |
| chain migration | migration of people following earlier migrants from same place |
| child mortality | death of children under age five |
| circulation | temporary movement of people |
| cornucopians or anti-Malthusians | believe technology will solve resource shortages |
| counterstream | migration flow opposite to the main migration stream |
| crude birth rate (CBR) | number of births per 1,000 people per year |
| crude death rate (CDR) or mortality rate | number of deaths per 1,000 people per year |
| degenerative disease | disease that worsens over time (e.g., heart disease) |
| demographic equation | population change = births + immigration − deaths − emigration |
| demographic transition model (DTM) | model showing population change over time |
| demography | study of population statistics |
| dependency ratio | ratio of dependents to working-age population |
| destination | place where a migrant moves to |
| developed (industrialized) country | country with high income and advanced infrastructure |
| developing (industrializing) country | country with lower income and developing infrastructure |
| diaspora | scattering of a population from its homeland |
| doubling time | time required for a population to double |
| ecumene | permanently inhabited areas of Earth |
| elderly dependency ratio | ratio of people over 65 to working-age population |
| emigrants or out-migrants | people leaving a country |
| emigration or out-migration | process of leaving a country |
| epidemiological transition theory | model explaining changes in disease patterns over time |
| epidemiology | study of distribution of diseases |
| ethnic cleansing | forced removal of an ethnic group |
| Eurasia | combined landmass of Europe and Asia |
| forced migration | migration where people are compelled to move |
| gender roles | societal expectations of behavior based on gender |
| Generation X | people born roughly 1965–1980 |
| Generation Y | Millennials, born roughly 1981–1996 |
| Generation Z | people born roughly after 1997 |
| generations | groups of people born around the same time |
| Great Migration | movement of African Americans from rural South to urban North (early 1900s) |
| guest worker | temporary worker in another country |
| high birth rate | large number of births relative to population |
| human well-being | overall quality of life and health |
| immigrants or in-migrants | people entering a country |
| immigration or in-migration | process of entering a country |
| infant mortality rate (IMR) | deaths of infants under 1 year per 1,000 births |
| infanticide | intentional killing of infants |
| internal migration or interregional migration | movement within a country |
| internally displaced person (IDP) | person forced to move within their country |
| international migration | movement between countries |
| intervening obstacles | barriers that prevent migration |
| intervening opportunity | alternative destination that interrupts migration |
| life expectancy | average number of years a person is expected to live |
| low birth rate | small number of births relative to population |
| Malthusian | belief that population growth will outpace food supply |
| mean center of population | average location of population distribution |
| median age | age that divides population into two equal groups |
| megacity | city with over 10 million people |
| metacity | urban area with over 20 million people |
| migrant or mover | person who moves from one place to another |
| migration | permanent relocation of people |
| migration age profile | pattern of migration by age |
| migration stream | group of migrants following a common path |
| mobility transition model | model showing changes in migration patterns |
| neo-Malthusians | believe population growth threatens resources |
| net migration | difference between immigration and emigration |
| net migration rate (NMR) | net migration per 1,000 people |
| non-migrant or stayers | people who do not move |
| origin | place where a migrant comes from |
| overpopulation | population exceeds carrying capacity |
| physiological density | population per unit of arable land |
| population clusters | areas with high population concentration |
| population composition | structure of population by age, sex, etc. |
| population density | number of people per unit area |
| population distribution | pattern of where people live |
| population pyramid | graph showing age and sex distribution |
| pronatalist policy | government policy encouraging births |
| pull factors | reasons that attract people to a place |
| push factors | reasons people leave a place |
| push-pull theory of migration | model explaining migration decisions |
| rate of natural increase (RNI) | birth rate minus death rate |
| refugees | people forced to flee their country |
| repatriated | returned to one’s country of origin |
| replacement level fertility | number of children needed to maintain population |
| residential mobility | frequent movement within a small area |
| return migration | movement back to original place |
| rule of 70 | method to estimate doubling time (70 ÷ growth rate) |
| rural-to-urban migration | movement from countryside to cities |
| seasonal migration | movement during certain times of year |
| sex ratio | number of males per 100 females |
| Snow Belt | colder northern US region |
| social (upward) mobility | movement to higher social status |
| social networks | connections that help migrants |
| spatial mobility | general movement across space |
| step (or stepwise) migration | migration in stages |
| Sunbelt | warmer southern US region |
| total fertility rate (TFR) | average number of children per woman |
| transhumance | seasonal movement of livestock |
| transitional birth rate | birth rate begins to decline in development stages |
| transnational migration | migration involving multiple countries |
| voluntary migration | migration by choice |
| women’s empowerment | increasing women’s rights and opportunities |
| women’s status | level of respect and equality for women |
| youth dependency ratio | ratio of young dependents to working-age population |
| zero population growth (ZPG) | no population growth (births + immigration = deaths + emigration) |
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