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Modernism Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Expressionist sculpture | Focuses more on harmony and expression rather than the negatives---mystical and spiritual |
| Aristide, Maillol, The Mediterranean, 1902-05 | Focus on female forms Classical approach with more abstract and simplified form From Rodin's influence |
| Constantin Brancusi, Sleep, 1906 | Push sculpture towards abstraction Romanian who set up a shop in Paris Worked as an assistant for Rodin (like a paid apprentice) The natural and the hand crafted He liked to work in series and alter them visually and conceptually |
| Constantin Brancusi, Sleeping Muse, 1909 | More abstracted Revisit this them of sleep Suggests the potential of creation |
| Brancusi, The Beginning of the World, 1920 | Possibility of creation Once again revisiting this motif---continuing this them that becomes more abstracted each time Egg on a platter Suggestive of something on a more spiritual level Considers his pedestals as part of the sculpture |
| Brancusi, Torso of a Young Man, 1924 | Is it a torso of a man? Or perhaps a woman? A private part? Could be this, could be that He's deliberately trying to cut notions of sexuality (perhaps androgynous) Created puns in his work (verbally in titles + visually in the work) |
| Brancusi, Bird in Space, 1925 | Based on a mythical bird from Folklore Marble, stone, & wood Sense of launching, moving upward The essence of flight |
| Brancusi, King of Kings, c. 1930 | Worked in wood The column form shows up a lot in his work Romania--Folk tradition of carving columns of cottages Folklore, mythology |
| Brancusi, Endless column, 1937-38 | Height 98 ft Reoccurring theme of columns |
| The Gothic Tradition | Major contribution to the arts for the expressionists |
| Manifesto | A piece of writing that's written by an artist about what their artistic goals are and what they're trying to achieve. How they want the audience to feel |
| Die Brucke (The Bridge) | A pioneer German expression group that was formed in 1905 |
| Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Dresden, 1908 | Organic & emotionally expressive Rough application of paint, bright and garish colors, distorted figures, swirling lines He was a collector of African work, masks and such Faces are mask-like Wandering the streets pretending to be someone else |
| Emile Nolde, The Last Supper, 1909 | Embrace the authentic German culture Nolde is his hometown (not his real last name) Served as a Nazi, Hitler didn't like Avant garde work, Nazis banned Nolde from working Drawing from Folk culture, some Gothic tradition Everyone crowded together |
| Emile Nolde, Female Dancer, 1913 | Goes on an expedition for the Nazis Comes back enamored of Indigenous people (Indonesia) He painted the woman in a sexual way |
| Max Pechstein, Somali Dancers, 1910 | African Dancing Troop Hand-colored woodcut Suggested authenticity and purity |
| Paula Modersohn-Becker, Self-portrait on her 6th Wedding Anniversary, 1906 | Subject matter is women Part of an artist group (Worpswede) not avant garde Pregnancy emphasized Poetic expression and emotion |
| Vasily Kandinsky, Composition VII, 1913 | He often wrote essays about his work Engages in abstract painting fully (nonobjective work) Referencing music |
| Gabriele Munte, Alexej von Jawlensky and Marianne von Werefkin, 1908-09 | Student of Kandinsky (became romantic) Developed this style first and Kandinsky adopted some of it Oil on cardboard Encounters Folk art on glass and tries to emulate that luminous color She was a key figure in the Blue Rider group |
| Franz Marc, The Large Blue Horses, 1911 | Connotations of color (color theory) Interest in animal forms, more abstracted and bluer (huge fan of horses) Blue is seen as a spiritual and mystical color Horses were seen as noble beasts (spiritual and pure) Short career, drafted and killed in WWI |
| Ernst Barlach, The Avenger, 1914 | Sculpture Archetypal figure character-type Style is simplified Running, in action with weapon |
| Austrian Expressionism | Emotionally intense, turbulence, anxiety |
| Egon Schiele, Portrait of Paris von Gütersloh, 1918 | Figural artist Unfinished, famous painting Emotional intensity Dynamic quality Died in the Spanish Flu |
| Oskar Kokoschka, The Tempest, 1914 | Famous work Sense of Turmoil, the storm swirling at night The artist himself lays in bed with a woman (his lover who was married to another man) The woman is about to dump him and he doesn't know it State of chaos |
| Cubism | Impactful innovation of its time. Geometric bits and pieces. Cubism breaks all the rules from art (Renaissance: unity, linear, one focus) |
| Georges Braque, Violin and Palette, 1909 | First fully developed stage of cubism Competition between Braque and Picasso (friendly) Reduced everything down to its basic and simple form but taken from nature The work is a construction of art after nature |
| Georges Braque, House at L'Estaque, 1908 | Begins painting more like Cezanne Very reduced palette and lots of pointy things, very cube-like Geometric shapes, lines, points Perhaps it's a suggestion of movement in time Studied to be a decorative artist |
| Pablo Picasso, Le moulin de la Galette, 1900 | Very early work from his first trip to Paris First painting he ever sold |
| Pablo Picasso, La Vie, 1903 | His friend was depressed because his lover dumped him over letter Felt guilty after his friend committed suicide Struggling financially, determined to become an Avante garde artist Begins working in monochrome (this is his blue period) "Life" |
| Picasso, Family of Saltimbanques, 1905 | Pinks, reds---Rose period Included a self-portrait in this (trickster, jokester figure) Family of traveling performers |
| Picasso, Les Demoiselles D'Avignon, 1907 | Rich color of dancing figures (Matisse) Decadence, jarring sexuality (Picasso Ancient Iberian art (Spanish art) region Ceremonial Central African masks Representing a brothel Nude prostitutes putting themselves on for display for the customers |
| Analytic Cubism | Analysis, braking things down into pieces to see what works. Dull and brown colors, downplaying color |
| Picasso, Woman's Head (Fernande), 1909 | Tries to create sculpture in cubism (did not work very well) Sculpture of his partner at the same time |
| Picasso, Still Life with Chair Caning, 1912 | Oil and pasted oilcloth, on canvas, surrounded with rope Multiple techniques using found materials Oilcloth printed with a chair caning pattern Oval-shaped canvas, effect of a cafe tabletop Suggestive of the experience of being in a cafe |
| Georges Braque, Fruit Dish and Glass, 1912 | Painted a sheet of wood pattern on paper and pastes it to his work The French began to favor beer The emperor of the Second empire grew up in England and brought his interests to France (beer) |
| Picasso, Guitar, Sheet Music, and Wine Glass, Fall 1912 | Pasted papers, gouache, and charcoal on paper Collage to shape a guitar Printing popular songs to play on guitar |
| Alexandr Archipenko, Medrano II, 1913 | Painted tin, wood, glass, and painted oilcloth Influenced by the synthetic cubist approach |
| Raymond Duchamp-Villon, The Horse, 1914 | Suggestive of a rearing horse Geometric and abstract form, machine-like creation/aesthetic Rendition of an organic form |
| Jacques Lipchitz, Man with a Guitar, 1915 | Interest in various African styles and cultures He did not like working in stone He made the mock-ups and had his assistants carve it out on lime stone |
| Juan Gris, The Table, 1914 | Pasted and printed papers and charcoal on paper Uses some of Picasso's puns Hand-drawn moments, found objects and hand-made items Brought a more vibrant palette in cubist art |
| Orphism | Coined by a writer in poetry, Appollinaire. Fully nonobjective, embraces vibrant colors, based on a myth of Orpheus (known for music, singing and playing stringed instruments) |
| Robert Delaunay, Simultaneous Contrasts: Sun and Moon, 1913 | Putting contrasting colors next to each other creating dynamism One of the first non-objective artists if you consider him fully a non-objective artist |
| Sonia Delaunay, Blanket, 1911 | Made it for her son Originally from Ukraine and moves to Paris Also became a fashion designer |
| Chronophotography | Chrono-time. Frozen photos all on the same plate |
| Marcel Duchamp, Nude descending a staircase, No. 2, 1912 | Multiple presentations of a figure going downstairs The figure overlapping and layering Presenting a mechanical form of the human figure This work comes to the U.S. for an exhibition and creates a scandal |
| Marc Chagall, Paris through the Window, 1913 | Fantastic art Very spirited work Mixture of mythological and biological and personal experience Referencing Fauvism and Cubism but creating his own thing Janus, god of passages (and two-faces) |
| Chagall, The Green Violinist, 1923-24 | The fiddler on the roof Cubist moments A man wacking him with a broom Individualistic style with a sense of humor |
| Giorgio de Chirico, The Melancholy and Mystery of a street, 1914 | The built environment of Italy Renaissance style Sence of foreboding, something is about to happen, but we don't know what it is Mysterious Metaphysical school---intellectually ambitious, philosophy One-point dimension (perspective) |
| Giorgio de Chirico, The Grand Metaphysician, 1917 | More surrealistic Renaissance style He did eventually leave avant garde and go back to academic painting He liked to copy artwork as well Approach to sculpture depicted here |
| Futurism | Art of the now, the modern. Radical break from the past, the past is now behind them, not wanting to revive history. Celebrates machine and technology, and pollution---the modern industrial world. Creating controversy |
| Umberto Boccioni, States of Mind 1: The Farewells, 1911 | Takes up the style of cubism and creates something new out of it Series (3) of paintings Suggesting people embracing on a platform next to a train Rendered in a machine aesthetic He was killed in the first world war flying off his horse |
| Giacomo Balla, Dynamism of a Day on a Leash (Leash in Motion), 1912 | Drawing from neo-impressionism and pointillism Movement in the tail and paws (multiple exposure) Emphasis on Dynamism Still tied to traditional art forms, not embracing photography |
| Carlo Carra, Patriotic Celebration (Free-World Painting), 1914 | Synthetic cubism technique Suggests being in the middle of a big crowd Hearing snippets of conversation Pasted paper and newsprint on cloth, mounted on wood |
| Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913 | Powerful figure, a warrior Suggestion of armor, militaristic Suggesting movement by blurring the legs, forward stride 4th dimension---movement Interest in theoretical physics Quantum mechanics (two different places at once) |
| Vorticism | Vortex--pattern of intense accelerating swirling movement. Dynamism and movement. Radical development in England before WWI |
| Blast | A journal. Explosion of words, circulation of ideas and experimentation. Misogynistic. |
| Wyndham Lewis, Composition, 1913 | Leader of the group (Blast) Fully non-objective, clearly driven from cubism, machine-like Believes this is more dynamic than cubism, "cubism is too still" Desperate to make it different |
| Alvin Langdon Coburn, Vortograph, 1917 | Vortography Gelatin silver print A series of prisms refracting light (attached to the camera lens) to create this fragmentation in the photo |
| Coburn, Ezra Pound, 1917 | Ezra Pound helped Wyndham Lewis get started on Blast "Make it new" Poetry is dense and difficult to read Later supported Fascism |
| Socialist Revolution | Socialist, leftist, political, realistic, propaganda |
| The Russian Revolution | Revolution hits in 1917, becoming increasingly political. constructivists leave and take constructivism to the west (international constructivism) |
| Natalia Goncharova, Green Forest, c. 1912 | Notion of Rayonism through scientific literature Different wave lengths are separated by light to see the color Refracting off of objects Non-objectivity |
| Socialist Revolution | Socialist, leftist, political, realistic, propaganda |
| The Russian Revolution | Revolution hits in 1917, becoming increasingly political. constructivists leave and take constructivism to the west (international constructivism) |
| Goncharova, Iron Painting Motifs, 1912 | Help worshippers in the act of worshipping Icons placed in the corner of the room in Russian culture Folke art Icon in Avante garde art |
| Kazmir Malevich, Painting in "0,10: The Last Futurist Exhibition," Dec. 1915 | Developing the notion of suprematism (key figure) Rejection of material reality Biomorphic abstract, geometric Supposed to be the more "supreme" feeling (mystical & spiritual) Radical statement and claiming spirituality |
| Constructivism | An approach developed before the Revolution as a purely aesthetic idea/art. Used non-traditional art materials. Geometric form, assemblage technique. Non-objective, geometric abstraction |
| Vladimir Tatlin, Counter-Relief, 1915 | In the corner of the room Suspended across the corner of the room (counter-relief) Iron, copper, wood, & wire Incorporating negative space Very important figure in constructivism "Art into life" |
| Vladimir Tatlin, Model for Monument to the Third International, 1919-20 | "Art into life" Proposal as a functional tower like the Eiffel tower in Paris Modern architecture Meeting rooms for all the communist parties (celebrating it) The Third International, Space never built |
| Lissitzky, The constructor (Self-Portrait), 1924 | Gelatin-silver print Geometric, precise Photography, double exposure Portrait of El Lissitzky himself |
| El Lissitzky, Proun 99, 1924-25 | Style called Prouns Also creates a proun room for the Great Berlin Art Exhibition in 1923 |
| Rodchenko, Untitled advertising paper ("Books"), 1924 | Popular poster design Gouache & photomontage on paper Geometric, collage Contributing to Soviet project |
| Varvara Feodorovna, Stepanova, Design for Sportswear, 1923 | Worked for the official textile fabric state design Attempt to incorporate fine art into practical applications Constructivism is becoming international around this time due to artists going out to the west and going elsewhere |
| Vera Mukhina, Industrial Worker and Collective Farm Girl, 1937 | Propagandistic, socialist realism, very political message Two branches of the communist Soviet economy Industry and agriculture |
| Steel-frame construction | Development of the elevator and expanding buildings vertically. Steel-frame skeleton. Addition of windows |
| Lousi Sullivan, Guaranty Trust Building (now Prudential Building), 1894-95 | Famous for developing a monetary of modernist work Located in Buffalo, New York Getting rid of ornamentation Anything that doesn't serve a function More minimalistic Greek columns in terms of aesthetic but they're functional Soaring into the sky |
| Prairie style architecture | Domestic architecture, houses, hotels |
| Wright, Robie House, 1909 | Chicago, IL More in tune with their natural environment (nature) Layers the house and give it long lines, reflects the prairies Inspiration and a fan of the Japanese temple architecture Emphasis on windows to bring in natural sunlight Open-floor plan |
| Wright, Living Room & Dining Room set & dining room | Furniture, carpeting, windows (stained glass), lights, ceiling, wall all designed by him and his workers Designs based on wheat A little bit of a medieval aesthetic Geometric, long, open |
| Erich Mendelsohn, Einstein Tower, Potsdam, Germany, 1920-21 | Test certain Einstein theories Reinforced concrete (original plan) Brick structure (financially more affordable) |
| Dada | A revolt against war, art traditions, and western tradition. Silly, absurd, spontaneous |
| World War I | Trench warfare. Facial disfiguration. Mustard gas finds the lowest point (trenches). Can cause your lungs to erode. Cough up your lungs |
| Nihilism | Anti-order. Protest against the war. Anti-hierarchy. |
| Hugo Ball reciting the poem Karawane at the Cabaret Voltaire, Zurich, 1916 | Poem that doesn't mean anything Gibberish, doesn't make any sense Making up a random language |
| Sofie Taeuber, Rhythms Libres, 1919 | Studied decorative arts Vellum was traditionally used for medieval script Non-objective, Cubist-inspired, geometric No repeating pattern |
| Sofie Taeuber, Dada Head, 1920 | Died from carbon monoxide poisoning Collaborative works with Arp Sculpture Hat-Stand Anti-humanist |
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