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Gov unit 3 vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Civil liberties | Fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens protected from government infringement |
| Civil rights | Protections from discrimination as a member of a certain group |
| Bill of rights | (First 10 amendments) List of fundamental rights and freedoms that people possess |
| Due process clause | (14th amendment) Restricts state governments from denying citizens their natural rights |
| Selective incorporation | Process where the Supreme Court affirmed that almost all protections in the Bill of Rights also apply to the states |
| Establishment clause | (1st amendment) Protection against the government making citizens join or support a religion |
| Free exercise clause | (1st amendment) Protection of the rights of people to exercise their religious beliefs |
| Freedom of expression | (1st amendment) Right to speak, publish, and protest |
| Clear and present danger test | Legal standard that speech posing a threat to national security is not protected by the first amendment |
| Prior restraint | Suppression of material before publication if it may endanger national security |
| Symbolic speech | Protected expression in the form of images, signs, etc. |
| Libel | Untrue written statement that injures someone's reputation |
| Slander | Untrue spoken expression that injures someone's reputation |
| Obscenity and pornography | Words, images, or videos that show sexual activity with no artistic merit |
| Ex post facto laws | Laws criminalizing conduct that was legal when it was committed |
| Bill of attainder | Law passed by Congress punishing someone without a trial |
| Writ of habeas corpus | Document setting out reasons for an arrest or detention |
| Procedural due process | Judicial standard requiring fairness to be applied equally to everyone |
| Warrant | Document issued by a judge authorizing a search |
| Probable cause | reasonable belief that a crime has been committed |
| Exclusionary rule | Rule that evidence obtained without a warrant can not be used in court |
| Grand jury | Group of citizens who decide if a person should be indicted |
| Double jeopardy | Protects a person freed of a crime from being charged with the same crime in the same jurisdiction |
| Miranda rights | Right to remain silent and to have an attorney during questioning, must be told to individuals suspected of criminal activity |
| Bail | Amount of money posted as a security to allow the defendant to be freed while awaiting trial |
| Civil rights | Protection against discrimination ensuring equal treatment under the law |
| Thirteenth amendment | Outlaws slavery |
| Fourteenth amendment | Grants citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the U.S., restricts state laws that shorten privileges and immunities of citizens |
| Equal protection clause | (14th amendment) Protects civil rights of citizens from discrimination |
| Fifteenth amendment | Grants voting rights to African Americans |
| Separate but equal | Doctrine that racial segregation was constitutional if the facilities were equal |
| Legal segregation | Separation by law of people based on their race |
| De jure segregation | Intentional separation of individuals based on characteristics by law |
| De facto segregation | Inherent separation of individuals based on characteristics not by law |
| Affirmative action | Policy made to make up for the consequences of previous discrimination by giving people special consideration based on their characteristics |
| Social movement | Large groups of citizens organizing for political change |
| Civil disobedience | Intentional refusal to obey a law to call attention to its injustice |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | Legislation outlawing racial segregation in schools and public places |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Legislation outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the Justice Department to send federal officers to register voters in uncooperative areas |
| Nineteenth Amendment | Gave women the right to vote |
| Title IX of the Higher Education Amendments of 1972 | Legislation outlawing sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid |
Created by:
hanw