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final study guide
sociology of health care
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Sociology? | Sociology is the study of societies, social systems, and how groups think and interact. |
| How does sociology differ from psychology? | Psychology focuses more on individuals, while sociology examines behavior and patterns at the population or societal level. |
| What kinds of topics does sociology study? | Trends, demographics, policy influences, social roles, interdependence, and how social experiences shape understanding. |
| What did C. Wright Mills say about sociology? | Sociology explores the relationship between individual biography and social structure. |
| What is "common sense" according to sociology? | Tacit knowledge gained from life experience. |
| Why is common sense limited? | It is based on non-rigorous rules, familiarity/routine, and limited experience and knowledge. |
| How does sociology differ from common sense? | Sociology uses systematic research and theory instead of relying only on personal experience. |
| What makes sociology different from other social sciences? | Diversity of methods, diversity of theories, and a strong focus on building sociological theory. |
| Which disciplines overlap with sociology? | Anthropology, economics, political science, political sociology, and comparative historical sociology. |
| What intellectual movement influenced the development of sociology? | The Enlightenment. |
| What ideas from the Enlightenment influenced sociology? | The belied that reason and empirical research could explain natural and social laws. |
| How did classical sociology differ from Enlightenment thinking? | Enlightenment thinkers emphasized the individual, while classical sociologists emphasized society as shaping individuals. |
| What is medical sociology? | The study of the social causes and consequences of health and illness. |
| What are examples of topics studied in medical sociology? | Social facets of disease, doctor-patient interactions, health organizations, healthcare systems, and health policy. |
| What does "theories travel" mean in medical sociology? | Sociological theories developed in one country can often apply to other societies as well. |
| Is healthcare the only determinant of health? | No. Health is also shaped by social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors. |
| What are examples of social determinants of health? | Education, housing, employment, social networks, sanitation, and working conditions. |
| Why is medical sociology important? | Because health is influenced not just by biology, but also by social, political, cultural, and economic forces. |
| What quote compares sociology and economics? | "Economics is all about how people make choices, sociology is all about how they don't have any choices to make."- John Duesenberry |
| What does the sociology vs. economics quote suggest? | Sociology emphasizes how social structures limit or shape individual choices. |
| What are the three major sections of SOC 215? | Society and Health, Social Organization of Healthcare, Sociology and Global Health |
| What book is associated with "Society and Health"? | Ghost Map |
| What topics are connected to Ghost Map? | Epidemiology and socioeconomic status (SES) and health. |
| What book is associated with "Social Organization of Healthcare"? | The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. |
| What topics are connected to The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down? | Doctor-patient interactions are complementary/alternative medicine (CAM)? |
| What book is associated with "Sociology and Global Health"? | The Healing of America. |
| What is universal health coverage (UHC)? | A system where all people have access to needed health services without financial hardship. |
| What are examples of global health policy areas mentioned in lecture? | Tobacco control, disease surveillance, migrant health insurance, AMR, and laboratory accreditation. |
| What does AMR stand for? | Antimicrobial resistance. |
| What major "puzzle" about Thailand was discussed? | How Thailand consistently produces influential health policy models and spreads them globally. |
| What is a major idea in sociology? | Individual experiences are shaped by larger social structures. |
| What is one major idea in medical sociology? | Healthcare systems are social institutions connected to politics, economics, and culture. |
| What is SES? | Socioeconomic status- a person's social and economic position, which strongly affects health outcomes. |
| What is CAM? | Complementary and Alternative Medicine. |
| What are social determinate important in health? | They strongly influence who becomes sick, who gets treatment, and overall health outcomes. |
| What is epidemiology? | The study of the origin and distribution of health problems in populations using data from many sources. |
| What is the main focus of epidemiology? | The health problems of large groups or populations rather than individuals. |
| Why is epidemiology important? | It is one of the most important investigative fields for understanding and solving health and disease problems globally. |
| How is an epidemiologist similar to a detective? | They investigate disease outbreaks by searching for clues, patterns, and common denominators among cases. |
| What does an epidemiologist investigate first? | Sick individuals and the environments where illness began. |
| What is the goal of epidemiological investigation? | To identify and control or eliminate the cause of the disease. |
| Which professions contribute to epidemiology? | Physicians, public health workers, biologists, anthropologists, veterinarians, and others. |
| What kinds of health problems does epidemiology study today? | Infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and unhealthy behaviors such as alcoholism and drug addiction. |
| What is a case? | An episode of a disorder, illness, or injury. |
| What is incidence? | The number of NEW cases of a disease occurring in a population during a specific time period. |
| What is prevalence? | The TOTAL number of cases (new and existing) present in a population at a given time. |
| What is point prevalence? | The number of cases at one specific point in time. |
| What is period prevalence? | The total number of cases during a specified time period. |
| What is lifetime prevalence? | The number of people who have had a disorder at least once during their lives. |
| Why can prevalence be high while incidence is low? | Because prevalence includes all existing cases, not just new ones. |
| What influenza example was given in lecture? | Incidence may be low if no new cases develop, but prevalence can still be high because many people remain sick. |
| What is mortality rate? | The number of deaths in a population during a specific period. |
| Why are crude mortality rates limited? | They are too general and do not account for differences such as age, sex, race, or occupation. |
| What is infant mortality rate (IMR)? | The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1000 live births. |
| Why is infant mortality rate important? | It is often used as an indicator of a society's standard of living. |
| Why are social structures important in epidemiology? | Social factors like race, class, and living conditions influence health outcomes and mortality rates. |
| What sociological idea is emphasized in epidemiology? | Disease has social causes as well as biological causes. |
| Who is considered the forefather of epidemiology? | John Snow. |
| Why is the 1854 cholera outbreak important? | It helped establish the foundations of modern epidemiology. |
| What did John Snow discover during the cholera outbreak? | Cholera causes were linked to a contaminated water pump on Broad Street. |
| What broader lesson does the cholera outbreak teach? | Health problems are shaped by social and environmental conditions, not only biology. |
| What sociological factor did the lecture emphasize during the cholera discussion? | Socioeconomic status (social class). |
| What are the five possible causal agents of health problems? | Biological, nutritional, chemical, physical, and social causes. |
| What are examples of biological causes? | Bacteria, viruses, and insects. |
| What are examples of nutritional causes? | Fats and carbohydrates. |
| What are examples of chemical causes? | Toxic chemicals and gases. |
| What are examples of physical causes? | Climate and vegetation. |
| What are examples of social causes? | Occupation, social class, location, and lifestyle. |
| What is the first step in epidemiological investigation? | Identifying hosts susceptible to disease agents. |
| What biological characteristics of epidemiologists study? | Age, sex, immunity, and other physical traits. |
| What behavioral characteristics are examined in epidemiology? | Habits, customs, and lifestyle. |
| What example from India was discussed? | The plague outbreak in India in the 1990s was linked to unhealthy behaviors and poor living conditions. |
| What are the three major eras of epidemiology? | Sanitary era, Infectious disease era, Chronic disease era |
| When was the infectious disease era? | Late 19th century to mid-20th century. |
| What characterizes the chronic disease era? | Great focus on disease like heart disease and cancer. |
| How did obesity prevalence change from 1960 to 2006? | It rose dramatically from 13.3 percent to 34.1 percent. |
| What was identified as the primary obesity risk factor? | Lack of physical exercise. |
| Which demographic group had the highest obesity percentage? | Non-Hispanic Black females. |
| What BMI is considered extremely obese? | Greater than 35 BMI. |
| What surprising finding about overweight individuals was mentioned? | People who were overweight but not obese had lover risk of death than "normal weight" individuals. |
| What type of illness is Marburg virus? | A severe hemorrhagic fever. |
| What are common symptoms of Marburg virus? | Severe headache, malaise, and bleeding from multiple sites. |
| Is there a vaccine or specific treatment for Marburg virus? | No. |
| How high have Marburg virus fatality rates been? | Over 80 percent in some outbreaks. |
| When did the Haiti cholera outbreak occur? | 2010, after the Haiti earthquake. |
| Why was the Haiti cholera outbreak historically significant? | It was the first recorded cholera outbreak in Haiti's history. |
| What caused the Haiti cholera outbreak? | Contaminated from a UN peacekeeping camp entered a river used by villagers. |
| How was the source of Haiti's cholera outbreak confirmed? | Genome sequencing liked Haitian cholera strains to Nepalese strains. |
| What is a major sociological lesson from epidemiology? | Disease patterns are shaped by social, political, economic, and environmental structures. |
| What is the relationship between sociology and epidemiology? | Sociology helps explain how social conditions influence disease spread and health outcomes. |
| What are examples of social determinants affecting health? | Poverty, race, occupation, housing, overcrowding, and access to healthcare. |
| What is one key theme connecting the lecture? | Health problems cannot be understood through biology alone; society and environment matter deeply. |
| What does SES stand for? | Socioeconomic status. |
| What is SES made up of? | Income, education, and occupational prestige/status. |
| Why is SES important in sociology of health? | SES is the strongest and most consistent predictor of health and life expectance across the life course. |
| What major theme was emphasized through COVID-19 examples? | Health inequalities are deeply connected to social and economic inequality. |
| What did the DC Metro example illustrate? | Life expectancy can vary dramatically between wealthy and poor neighborhoods located very close together. |
| What is social class? | A category of people with similar amounts of wealth, status, and power. |
| How are social classes organized? | Hierarchically. |
| Why does social class mater? | It shapes opportunities, experiences, and health outcomes. |
| What are the three simplest social classes? | Upper, middle, and lower class. |
| What are the five categories used by many U.S. medical sociologists? | Upper class (UC), upper middle class (UMC), lower middle class (LMC), working class (WC), and lower class (LC). |
| What defines the upper class in the U.S. model? | Extremely wealthy corporate executives and elites. |
| What defines the lower class? | Semi-skilled/unskilled workers and the chronically unemployed. |
| How does the European model of class differ from the American model? | The European model focuses more on occupation, while the American model uses broader SES measures. |
| Which sociologist strongly influenced SES theory? | Max Weber. |
| How did Weber differ from Marx? | Weber believed class involved not only wealth, but also status and power. |
| What is status according to Weber? | Social prestige or esteem given by others. |
| Can status differ from wealth? | Yes- a person may have prestige without being wealthy or wealth without high prestige. |
| What does income reflect in SES research? | Spending power, housing quality, diet, and medical care access. |
| What does occupation measure? | Work status, responsibility, physical activity, and health risks. |
| What does education reflect? | Access to skills, jobs, healthcare, health knowledge, and economic opportunities. |
| What relationship exists between education and health? | Higher education is strongly associated with better health and longer life expectancy. |
| According to Mirowsky and Ross, how do educated people differ in health? | They report better health, fewer chronic diseases, less depression, and longer expected lifespans. |
| What did the lecture suggest about every year of education? | Each additional year of schooling improves life expectancy. |
| Is education the only factor affecting health? | No- income becomes increasingly important later in life. |
| Which socioeconomic groups have the poorest health? | Lower socioeconomic groups. |
| Where are SES health inequalities especially severe globally? | Latin America, South Asia, and especially Africa. |
| How does poverty increase health risks? | Poor people face greater exposure to harmful environments and disease risk factors. |
| Which diseases disproportionately affect the poor? | Diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis (TB). |
| What is the most important factor influencing lifestyle choices? | SES. |
| Why are poorer groups disadvantaged regarding healthy lifestyles? | They often have less access to healthy food, health information, and safe environments. |
| Why are smoking and unhealthy eating more common in poorer communities? | Social environments may normalize risky behaviors. |
| How much more likely are poor people to smoke? | About twice as likely as high-income individuals. |
| What two forces interact in the "Theory of Healthy Lifestyles"? | Life choices (agency) and life chances (social structure). |
| What does "habits" mean in the healthy lifestyles theory? | Dispositions and tendencies shaped by social experiences. |
| What are examples of health practices shaped by SES? | Smoking, diet, alcohol use, exercise, and healthcare checkups. |
| What did the Marmot (Whitehall) Study examine? | Health differences among British civil servants. |
| What did the Whitehall Study find? | Lower-ranking workers had worse health and higher mortality than higher-ranking workers. |
| Why is the Whitehall Study important? | It showed that health inequalities persist even with universal healthcare access. |
| Why were poor people disproportionately affected by bubonic plague? | They lacked the resources to flee and lived in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions. |
| What sociological lesson does the plague example teach? | Disease spread is strongly influenced by class inequality and living conditions. |
| What does it mean that SES is a "fundamental cause" of mortality? | SES consistently shapes health outcomes across many diseases and over time. |
| Who proposed SES as a fundamental cause of mortality? | Link and Phelan. |
| Why is SES considered a direct cause of health inequality? | Health inequalities persist even when specific diseases or risk factors change over time. |
| What are the four features of a "fundamental cause"? | Influences multiple diseases, operates through multiple risk pathways, involves access to resources, and reproduces inequality over time. |
| Why does SES meet the criteria for a fundamental cause? | Because it shapes many diseases through many mechanisms across generations. |
| What are "flexible resources"? | Money, knowledge, power, status, and social connections that help protect health. |
| How do flexible resources improve health? | They help people avoid risks and minimize disease consequences. |
| Do flexible resources operate only individually? | No- they operate at both individual and contextual/social levels. |
| Why do SES gradients reproduce over time? | Because flexible resources continue to advantage higher SES groups. |
| Can access to healthcare alone eliminate health inequality? | No. |
| What evidence shows healthcare alone is insufficient? | Britain's universal healthcare system still shows major class-based health gaps. |
| Why can't medical care fully solve SES-related health inequality? | Because living conditions, stress, and unhealthy environments continue to affect health. |
| What solutions were suggested to reduce SES health inequalities? | Policies that reduce SES disparities and distribute health-promoting resources more equally. |
| What is the biggest takeaway from the lecture? | SES/social class is the strongest predictor of health and life expectancy. |
| What factor associated with SES is the strongest predictor of health? | Education. |
| What is the "social gradient" in health? | Health worsens step-by-step as one moves lower on the socioeconomic ladder. |
| Is race primarily biological or social? | Race is primarily a social construction with very little biological basis. |
| According to Williams (1996), what factors shape race? | Biological factors, geographic origins, culture, economics, politics, law, and racism. |
| Have racial categories changed overtime? | Yes- racial categories are historically and socially constructed and have shifted over time. |
| What examples did the lecture give of changing racial categories? | Irish and Jewish Americans were once discriminated against as separate races but later came to be considered "white". |
| What group continues to face discrimination based on skin color today? | African Americans. |
| What is ethnicity? | Cultural differences shared by social groups, such as language, traditions or nationality. |
| Which affects health more overall: social class or ethnicity? | Social class generally affects health more, but ethnicity remains an important independent factor. |
| Which racial/ethnic group has the shortest life expectancy in the U.S.? | African Americans. |
| Which racial/ethnic group has the highest life expectancy in the U.S.? | Asian Americans. |
| What is infant mortality rate? | The number of infant deaths per 1000 live births. |
| How does infant mortality for African Americans compare to white Americans? | African Americans infant mortality rates are much higher. |
| What was the African American infant mortality rate listed? | 13.6 deaths per 1000 live births. |
| What was the white non-Hispanic infant mortality rate listed? | 5.7 deaths per 1000 live births. |
| What did the 2023 California study show about Black infant mortality? | Black infant mortality remained higher even among wealthy families. |
| For how many of the 15 leading causes of death do African Americans have higher death rates than whites? | 13 of the 15 leading causes. |
| Have Black-white life expectancy gaps improved over time? | Yes, but only slowly. |
| African Americans are how much more likely to dies from homicide compared to whites? | About eight times more likely. |
| What is one major explanation for African American health disparities? | Poverty and socioeconomic inequality. |
| Why doesn't poverty explain the entire disparity? | Even middle-class and educated African Americans experience worse health outcomes. |
| What did Shoendorf et al. (1992) find? | African American infants were almost twice as likely to dies as white infants even when parents were educated, married, and received prenatal care. |
| What factors contribute to racial health disparities beyond SES? | Racism, discrimination, residential segregation, and unequal healthcare access. |
| Why is racial discrimination harmful to health? | Chronic stress from racism negatively affects physical and mental health. |
| According to Phelan and Link, how does racism affect health? | Racism independently shapes health through power, prestige, neighborhood conditions, and healthcare inequalities. |
| What is structural racism? | Systemic inequalities embedded in institutions, policies, and social systems that disadvantage racial groups. |
| Why do many Hispanic Americans experience poorer health outcomes? | Higher poverty rates, less education, lack of insurance, language barriers, and discrimination. |
| What is the "Hispanic paradox"? | Hispanic Americans often have health outcomes as good as or better than whites despited lower SES. |
| Which diseases related to poverty disproportionately affect Hispanic Americans? | HIV, homicide, diabetes, and liver disease. |
| Why might Hispanic mortality statistics be underestimated? | Death certificates sometimes incorrectly classify Hispanics as non-Hispanic. |
| Where do slightly more than half of Native Americans live? | Off reservations in urban areas. |
| How do Native American life expectancies compare to whites? | They are generally lower, especially on reservations. |
| How does post-neonatal infant mortality compare between Native Americans and whites? | Native Americans have about three times higher post-neonatal mortality. |
| What major health issue has affected Native American communities? | Heavy alcohol-related illness and death. |
| What is the Indian Health Service (IHS)? | A federally funded healthcare system serving Native Americans. |
| Is the IHS well-funded compared to the larger U.S. healthcare system? | No- it is substantially underfunded. |
| What staffing problem exists in the IHS? | It has fewer than half the doctors per capital compared to the broader U.S. system. |
| What technological limitation affects many IHS hospitals? | Many lack advanced technologies available in other U.S. hospitals. |
| How do Asian Americans generally compare in health outcomes? | They generally have the best health outcomes among U.S. racial minority groups. |
| Which Asian subgroups were noted to have especially high life expectancy? | Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino Americans. |
| Why do Southeast Asian immigrant groups often face more health challenges? | Lowe SES, war trauma, refugee experiences, and cultural adjustment difficulties. |
| How do some Asian Americans differ in healthcare usage? | Some are less likely to use Western medicine and more likely to use traditional healers. |
| What major theme did COVID-19 data reveal? | The pandemic exposed deep racial and socioeconomic health inequalities. |
| Which communities often had he highest COVID-19 hospitalization and death rates? | Black, Hispanic, and Native American communities. |
| Why were minority communities disproportionately affected by COVID-19? | Due to SES inequality, frontline work exposure, crowded housing, healthcare access issues, and structural racism. |
| What did Boston and NYC COVID maps/articles show? | Higher infection and testing disparities tied to race and wealth. |
| Are racial health disparities caused by biological racial differences? | No- they are primarily caused by structural and social inequalities. |
| What is the relationship between racism and SES? | Racism contributes to SES inequality, and SES strongly affects health. |
| Why is race still important if race is socially constructed? | Because social constructions can still produce real material consequences. |
| What is one of the strongest sociological explanations for racial health inequality? | Structural racism combined with socioeconomic inequality. |
| What overall lesson does the lecture emphasize? | Health inequalities by race and ethnicity are socially produced, not biologically inevitable. |
| What is sex? | Biological and anatomical differences between males and females. |
| What is gender? | Social expectations and socially constructed traits associated with masculinity and femininity. |
| What is the gender gap? | Differences between men and women in social, political, economic, cultural, or health outcomes. |
| How do sociologists study gender differences in health? | By examining how social and biological factors interact to shape health outcomes. |
| What do sociologist tend to emphasize when explaining health differences? | Social factors and broader social processes. |
| Why do biomedical researchers and sociologist often disagree? | Because they focus on different explanations- biological versus social causes. |
| What article was mentioned regarding broader social processes in health statistics? | The McKinlay article. |
| What greater biological advantages do women tend to have? | Greater biological strength at birth and lower mortality beginning in prenatal stages. |
| Why might women live longer than men? | Biological advantages, lower exposure to dangerous occupations, and greater health care use. |
| Why are males considered biologically disadvantaged? | They experience higher mortality beginning in prenatal and neonatal stages. |
| What is morbidity? | The frequency of illness or disease. |
| What inverse relationship exists between mortality and morbidity? | Women are sick more often (higher morbidity) but men die more often or from more serious illnesses (higher mortality). |
| Do women generally experience more serious illnesses than men? | No- women's illnesses are generally less life-threatening. |
| Which gender has the life expectancy advantage? | Women. |
| Is the gender life expectancy gap shrinking? | Yes- men are slowly closing the gap. |
| What was the life expectancy of white females in 2008? | 80.6 years. |
| What was the life expectancy of white males in 2008? | 75.7 years. |
| Was women's life expectance advantage always present historically? | No- men and women had similar life expectancies until around 1900. |
| Why did women begin living longer after 1900? | They benefited more from modernization and public health improvements. |
| Does the gender life expectancy gap exist internationally? | Yes- women generally outlive men in most countries. |
| How many years of life does smoking reduce for women on average? | About 14.5 years. |
| How many years of life does smoking reduce for men on average? | About 13.5 years. |
| What disease are women "catching up" to men in mortality rates for? | COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). |
| What happened to lung cancer ranking among women? | It rose from the eight leading cancer death in 1961 to first by 1986. |
| What remains the number one killer of women overall? | Coronary heart disease (CHD). |
| According to the 2011 meta-analysis, how does smoking affect women differently? | Women smokers face a 25 percent higher risk of heart disease compared with male smokers. |
| How does smoking affect women's lung cancer risk compared with men? | Women smokers have double the risk of lung cancer compared to male smokers. |
| Why might smoking affect women more severely? | Cigarette toxins appear to affect women disproportionately. |
| Which mental health disorders are more common among women? | Depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. |
| What is the "second shift"? | The additional unpaid domestic and caregiving labor women often perform after paid work. |
| How does employment affect women's mental health? | Women employed outside the home tend to have less distress than housewives but more distress than employed men. |
| Who was Paula Upshaw in the ER? | Doctors misdiagnosed her heart attack symptoms as stomach problems. |
| What does Paula Upshaw's case demonstrate? | Gender bias in diagnosis and treatment, |
| What argument does McKinlay make about health statistics? | Health statistics are socially constructed and shaped by both patients and providers, |
| According to McKinlay, what must sociologists examine besides patients? | Healthcare systems and provider behavior. |
| How are women treated differently in heart disease care? | Women are less likely to receive referrals, hospitalization, medications, or invasive testing. |
| What does McKinlay suggest about the gender gap in heart disease? | It may be smaller than assumed because women's cases are under diagnosed. |
| What mental health risks are elevated among LGBTQ+ youth? | Depression, suicide risk, and substance abuse. |
| How much more likely are LGBTQ+ youth to attempt suicide? | About 4 times more likely that straight youth. |
| How do smoking rates compare for transgender adults? | Transgender adults have higher smoking rates than cisgender adults. |
| How does mental health differ for transgender adults? | Transgender adults report much higher rates of poor mental health. |
| What percentage of transgender adults reported healthcare mistreatment or discrimination? | Nearly half. |
| Why do many transgender people avoid medical care? | Fear of discrimination, high costs, and lack of insurance coverage. |
| What barriers do transgender people face in healthcare? | Insurance denial, discrimination, refusal of gender affirming care, and lack of provider knowledge. |
| Did COVID-19 affect men and women equally? | No- the pandemic intensified gender inequalities. |
| Which jobs were heavily affected during the pandemic and disproportionately performed by women? | Domestic work, caregiving, and service jobs. |
| What happened to domestic violence during COVID lockdowns? | Domestic abuse and domestic violence murders increased. |
| What article theme was shown regarding women leaders during COVID-19? | Some countries led by women were highlighted for strong pandemic responses. |
| Does marriage generally benefit health? | Yes- for both men and women. |
| Why does marriage improve health? | Through emotional, social, and economic support. |
| Why may widowhood affect women especially strongly? | Women live longer and have higher tendencies toward anxiety and depression. |
| What is the major sociological lesson about gender and health? | Health difference result from both biological and social factors. |
| Why are health statistics not purely objective? | Because diagnosis and treatment are shaped by social biases and healthcare systems. |
| Which groups experience especially severe healthcare mistreatment? | LGBTQ+ people and other vulnerable populations. |
| What is one of the clearest examples of gender bias in healthcare? | Women's heart disease being overlooked or underrated. |
| What is the overall takeaway from the lecture? | Gender strongly shapes health outcomes, healthcare experiences, and exposure to inequality. |
| What major sociological idea was emphasized in this lecture? | Place matters for health. |
| What does "place matters" mean? | Where people live strongly shapes their health outcomes and exposure to risks. |
| What major environmental disaster was used as an extreme example? | The Chernobyl nuclear disaster. |
| What major cancer increased after Chernobyl exposure? | Thyroid cancer. |
| Which population experienced especially high thyroid cancer risk after Chernobyl? | Children exposed during the accident. |
| Approximately how many childhood thyroid cancer cases were diagnosed after Chernobyl? | Nearly 5000 cases. |
| What happened to leukemia rates among Chernobyl "liquidators"? | Leukemia incidence doubled among highly exposed workers. |
| Besides cancer, what other health effects were linked to Chernobyl exposure? | Mental health effects, cataracts, and increased cardiovascular disease risk. |
| What is environmental justice? | A social movement focused on unequal exposure to environmental risks and hazards based on race and class. |
| What does environmental justice connect together? | Environmental risks, inequality, race, and socioeconomic status. |
| What sociological issue is central to environmental justice? | Poor and minority communities often face greater exposure to pollution and environmental hazards. |
| What environmental health crisis was highlighted involving lead pipe? | The Flint water crisis. |
| Why was the Flint water crisis sociologically significant? | It demonstrated how political and environmental inequalities disproportionately harm poor communities. |
| What toxin was central to the Flint crisis? | Lead contamination in drinking water. |
| What did the health ranking map of U.S. states demonstrate. | Health outcomes vary significantly by region and place. |
| Why do health outcomes vary geographically? | Differences in environment, SES, healthcare access, industry, policy, and lifestyle. |
| What is "Cancer Alley"? | An industrial corridor in Louisiana associated with high pollution exposure and cancer concerns. |
| Where is Cancer Alley located? | Along the Mississippi River between Baton Rouge and New Orleans. |
| Why is Cancer Alley important in sociology of health? | It shows how industrial pollution disproportionately affects vulnerable communities. |
| What industries are heavily concentrated in Cancer Alley? | Petrochemical and chemical industries. |
| Which populations are often most exposed to environmental hazards? | Poor communities and communities of color. |
| Why are environmental hazards often concentrated in poorer areas? | Political power inequalities and economic marginalization. |
| What kinds of hazards are linked to industrial pollution? | Cancer, respiratory illness, toxic exposure, and long-term chronic disease. |
| What did community protests in Cancer Alley demonstrate? | Grassroots activism against environmental injustice. |
| How is environmental health related to social determinants of health? | Living conditions and environmental exposures strongly influence disease risk. |
| What sociological concept explains unequal environmental exposure? | Structural inequality. |
| Why are environmental health problems sociological issues, not just biological ones? | Because exposure patterns are shaped by politics, economics, race, and class. |
| How can environmental disasters affect mental health? | Through trauma, stress, displacement, and anxiety. |
| What example showed mental health effects from environmental disaster? | The Chernobyl disaster. |
| What does the "Bhopal on the Mississippi" map represent? | Potential chemical disaster risks along the industrial corridor in Louisiana. |
| Why was the Bhopal comparison used? | To highlight the possibility of catastrophic industrial chemical accidents. |
| What sociological issue is raised by disaster risk concentration? | Some communities bear far greater environmental risks than others. |
| What role do activists play in environmental justice? | They challenge unequal exposure to pollution and advocate for policy change. |
| Why is environmental justice considered a social movement? | It organizes collective action against unequal environmental harms. |
| What is the purpose of an op-ed? | To use analysis and argument to influence public opinion or policy. |
| What is expected in an op-ed? | A clear point of view. |
| How can sociology strengthen an op-ed? | By applying sociological analysis to explain causes of inequality and propose solutions. |
| What is the main goal of many op-eds? | Policy change. |
| What is the biggest lesson the lecture? | Environmental risks and health outcomes are unequally distributed across society. |
| Are environmental health problems distributed randomly? | No- they are strongly shaped by race, class, and political power. |
| Why is environment central to sociology of health? | Because environmental conditions shape disease, stress, mortality, and life expectancy. |
| What broader sociological concept ties the lecture together? | Structural inequality produces unequal environmental exposure and unequal health outcomes. |
| What major theme connects this lecture? | social relationships and networks strongly shape health outcomes. |
| What social determinant of health from previous lectures connects to networks? | Environment and neighborhood conditions. |
| What do neighborhoods have according to neighborhood disadvantage theory? | Resources that can either improve or har health. |
| What are the five neighborhood features that affect health? | Physical environment, home/work/play surroundings, services provided, sociocultural aspects and support networks, and neighborhood reputation and morale. |
| What are examples of services that affect neighborhood health? | Schools, police, garbage collection, street cleaning, health services, and welfare services. |
| What sociocultural factors affect neighborhood health? | Norms, values, religion, public safety, political features, and support networks. |
| Why does neighborhood reputation matter? | It influences morale, infrastructure quality, and how residents and outsiders perceive the area. |
| What theory discussed earlier was connected to networks? | SES as a "fundamental cause" of mortality. |
| What are "flexible resources" in SES theory? | Money, knowledge, status, power, and social connections. |
| How do flexible resources protect health? | They shape healthy behaviors and provide health-enhancing benefits through association. |
| Do flexible resources operate only individually? | No- they operate at both individual and contextual levels. |
| What is a social network? | The social relationships people have in day-to-day life through which opinions, information, and affection are exchanged. |
| What groups typically make up a social network? | Family, relatives, friends, and broader social groups. |
| According to Christakis and Fowler, what matters about social ties? | The nature and quality of personal ties matter for health behaviors. |
| What example involving girls and weight loss was discussed? | Girls were more likely to try losing weight if other overweight girls in their school were doing the same thing. |
| What are the three ways networks influence health shown in the lecture figure? | Isolation vs. connection, group norms and identity, and transmission of healthy to harmful influence |
| Why is social isolation harmful? | Isolation reduces support, connection, and health-enhancing social resources. |
| How do group norms affect health? | Networks shape acceptable behaviors, attitudes, and habits. |
| What kinds of things can spread through networks? | Healthy behaviors, harmful behaviors, information, stress, and support. |
| According to Suchman (1965), how can close group ties affect healthcare. | People may seek help from the group instead of professional healthcare. |
| According to Geertsen et al. (1975), when can close networks improve healthcare access? | When professional healthcare aligns with the groups cultural beliefs and practices. |
| According to Pescosolido (1992), what role do social networks play in healthcare? | Networks act as caregivers, advisoressm and "therapy-managing groups._ |
| Why are networks important for healthcare utilization? | They influence whether, when, and how people seek care. |
| What is social capital? | Social investments through participation in networks, institutions, and groups that provide benefits. |
| Is social capital only an individual characteristic? | No- it is also a property of communities and networks. |
| What are examples of sources of social capital? | Parents, churches, clubs, neighborhoods, and volunteer organizations. |
| What benefits can social capital provide? | Psychological support, material assistance, self-esteem, and stress buffering. |
| According to Pearlin et al. (2005), how do low-capital neighborhoods affect health? | They negatively affect health independent of individual SES. |
| How much greater is mortality risk among socially disconnected people? | Between 2 and 5 times greater. |
| What distinction was emphasized in lecture? | The distinction between social support and social capital. |
| Why is social capital important to sociology? | It links individual health to broader community relationships and institutions. |
| What community was discussed as an example of social capital and health? | Roseto, Pennsylvania. |
| What was unusual about Roseto's heart disease rates? | Extremely low heart disease and heart attack death rates? |
| What other social problems were unusually low in Roseto? | Suicide, alcoholism, drug addiction, crime, and welfare dependence. |
| How much lower was overall death rate in Roseto compared to expectations? | About 30-35 percent lower. |
| Was Roseto's health advantage explained by diet? | No- the diet was high in fat and included cooking with lard. |
| Was Roseto's health advantage explained by exercise. | No- residents were not unusually active. |
| Was Roseto's health advantage explained by genetics? | No-relatives elsewhere did not share the same health outcomes. |
| What evidence challenged environmental explanations for Roseto's health advantage? | Nearby towns with similar immigrants had much higher heart disease rates. |
| What was the main explanation for Roseto's good health? | Strong family ties, community cohesion, and dense social support networks. |
| What role did church participation play in Roseto? | It strengthened social ties and community solidarity. |
| According to Malcom Gladwell, why were the Rosetans healthy? | They created a strong, protective social structure that buffered stress and modern pressures. |
| What sociological lesson does Roseto teach? | Social relationships can powerfully influence health independent of biology or lifestyle. |
| How are networks different from physical environments? | Networks are based more on social relationships than geography. |
| Why are supportive relationships important for health? | They improve longevity, reduce stress, and encourage healthier behaviors. |
| Does all soil capital improve health equally? | No- the quality of networks matters. |
| What overall relationship exists between social integration and health? | Greater social integration is associated with better health and lower mortality. |
| What is the main takeaway from the lecture? | Social networks and social capital are powerful social determinants of health. |
| What is disease? | An adverse physical state affecting the body. |
| What is illness? | A subjective psychological awareness of having a disease that often changes behavior. |
| What is sickness? | A social state involving an impaired social role for someone who is ill. |
| Why is the concept of sickness especially important to sociologists? | Because it involves society's expectations and norms about how sick people should behave. |
| How does the traditional biomedical model define illness? | As a deviation from biological health and normal functioning. |
| According to the biomedical model, what causes illness? | A pathogenic mechanism within the body. |
| Can illness be objectively documented in the biomedical model? | Yes- through symptoms, exams, and laboratory findings. |
| How is diagnosis made in the biomedical model? | By connecting observable symptoms to medical knowledge about bodily functioning. |
| What is the physician's role in the biomedical model? | To diagnose illness and restore the patient to normal functioning. |
| Who was Talcott Parsons? | One of the most important early sociologists in medical sociology. |
| What major book did Parsons publish in 1951? | The Social System. |
| What sociological perspective did Parsons use? | Structural functionalism. |
| According to Parsons, how are social systems organized? | Through linked systems of personality, culture, and society. |
| What major medical sociology concept did Parsons introduce? | The sick role. |
| According to Parsons, what kind of behavior is sickness? | A form of deviant behavior. |
| What is the sick role? | A patterned set of expectations defining how sick people and others should behave. |
| Does the sick role apply only to the sick person? | No- it also shapes how others interact with the sick person. |
| What is the first postulate of the sick role? | Sick people are exempt from normal social responsibilities. |
| What is the second postulate of thee sick role? | The illness is not the person's fault. |
| What is the third postulate of the sick role? | Sick people are expected to want to get well because sickness is undesirable. |
| What is the fourth postulate of the sick role? | Sick people should seek technically competent medical help. |
| Why does Parsons say sick people must seek medical help? | Because society expects them to try to return to normal social functioning. |
| Why did Parsons describe sickness as deviance? | Because sickness prevents people from fulfilling normal social roles and obligations. |
| How does sociology define deviance? | Behavior that violates social norms. |
| Is deviance simply statistical abnormality? | No- deviance involves social judgments about acceptable behavior. |
| What broader sociological point does the sick role make about illness? | Illness is partly a social event, not only a biological condition. |
| According to Parsons, what social role do physicians perform? | Social control. |
| Why are physicians considered agents of social control? | They help regulate deviant behavior and restore social order. |
| How are physicians similar to priests in Parsons' theory? | Both hold authority and legitimacy granted by society. |
| Are doctor-patient relationships equal in power? | No- physicians hold greater authority and status. |
| What risk exists when physicians define more behaviors medically? | More forms of deviance become become medicalized. |
| What is medicalization? | The process of defying social or behavioral problems as medical problems. |
| Why is medicalization sociologically important? | It expands medical authority into more areas of everyday life. |
| How did Chalfant and Kurtz apply the sick role concept? | To explain why social workers denied the sick role to alcoholics. |
| What group did Cole and Lejeune study using the sick role? | Welfare mothers. |
| What did Cockerham et al. (1980) find about doctors who became sick? | Sick doctors adopted aspects of the sick role themselves. |
| What did Reir (2000) conclude about ICU doctor-patient relationships? | They resembled Parsons' description of the sick role relationship. |
| Why has the sick role theory been criticized? | Critics argue it oversimplifies illness experiences and social relationships. |
| What criticism involves "behavioral variation"? | Not all sick people behave the same way. |
| Why do chronic illnesses challenge the sick role theory? | Chronic illness may not allow people to fully recover or return to "normal." |
| Why is the doctor-patient relationship criticism important? | Modern healthcare relationships are often more collaborative than Parsons described. |
| What does it mean that the sick role has a "middle-class orientation"? | Parsons' model assumes values and healthcare access more common among middle-class patients |
| What is the major sociological lesson of the sick role theory? | Illness is both a biological and social experience. |
| Why is illness considered socially constructed in part? | Society defines expectations, responsibilities, and acceptable sick behavior. |
| What role do social norms play in sickness? | They shape how society expects sick people to behave and recover. |
| How does the sick role connect to structural functionalism? | It explains how medicine helps maintain social stability and order. |
| Why is the sick role still important in sociology today? | It remains foundational for understanding illness behavior and doctor patient relationships. |
| What is the biggest takeaway from the lecture? | Sickness is not only a medical condition- it is also a social role governed by norms, expectations, and power relationships. |
| What is medicalization? | The process by which medical definitions and treatments are applied to behaviors or conditions not previously considered medical problems. |
| How does medicalization connect to Parsons' sick role? | Both show how illness is socially constructed and shaped by society. |
| What concern is raised about modern medicine in the lecture? | Medicine increasingly defines more deviant behaviors and bodily conditions as illnesses. |
| What kinds of behaviors were historically treated as sins or crimes but are now often medicalized? | Behaviors once controlled by religion or law are increasingly treated through medicine and psychiatry. |
| Why is medicalization sociologically important? | It expands medical authority into more areas of everyday life. |
| According to the lecture, what can become medicalized? | Behaviors, psychological experiences, and bodily conditions. |
| Who criticized expanding definitions of illness in 1974? | Thomas Szasz |
| What was Szasz's criticism of psychiatry? | Psychiatry increasingly labeled almost any sign of dysfunction as illness. |
| What is the broader sociological issue behind medicalization? | Society constantly renegotiates what counts as "normal" versus "disordered." |
| What does DSM stand for? | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. |
| Why is DSM important in medical sociology? | It defines and classifies mental disorders, shaping what society considers mental illness. |
| What trend is visible across DSM editions? | Increasing numbers of diagnosable disorders. |
| Why is the DSM considered a "site of medicalization"? | Because new categories can redefine ordinary experiences as medical disorders. |
| What examples of possible "disorders" were shown early in the lecture? | Height concerns, baldness, and body image issues. |
| Why are these examples sociologically important? | They raise questions about whaat should count as illness versus normal human variation. |
| What condition was discussed as part of the autism spectrum? | Asperger's syndrome. |
| How was Asperger's syndrome described compared to classic autism? | A milder form with social interaction difficulties but usually less language impairment. |
| Why is Asperger's syndrome relevant to medicalization debates? | It raises questions about diagnosing behavioral and social differences as disorders. |
| What sleep-related disorder has discussed in lecture? | Sleep apnea. |
| Why is sleep apnea sociologically relevant? | It demonstrates how new technologies and diagnoses expand medical attention to everyday bodily functions. |
| What unusual DSM-related diagnosis was discussed? | Caffeine intoxication. |
| What symptoms can qualify for caffeine intoxication? | Nervousness, insomnia, digestive issues, excitement, restlessness, and irregular heartbeat. |
| Why is caffeine intoxication controversial? | Critics argue it medicalizes ordinary experiences related to common behaviors like coffee consumption. |
| What is a contested illness? | An illness whose legitimacy, causes, or diagnosis are debated. |
| What contested illness was highlighted in lecture? | Fibromyalgia. |
| Why is fibromyalgia considered contested? | Symptoms are difficult to measure objectively and diagnosis has historically been debated. |
| What pharmaceutical example was shown with fibromyalgia? | Pfizer's drug Lyrica being marketed for fibromyalgia treatmen |
| Why is fibromyalgia important sociologically? | It demonstrates the interaction between diagnosis, patient experience, and pharmaceutical markets. |
| What disorder involving social anxiety was discussed? | Avoidant Personality Disorder (AVPD). |
| Why was Charlie Brown used in the AVPD slide? | To question whether ordinary shyness or social insecurity may become pathologized. |
| What larger sociological question does AVPD raise? | Where the line exists between personality traits and mental illness. |
| What does GAD stand for? | Generalized Anxiety Disorder. |
| How was GAD defined in lecture? | Excessive and persistent worry. |
| Why did the lecture discuss "making GAD diagnosis earlier"? | To show how diagnostic thresholds may expand over time. |
| What sociological concern exists regarding expanding GAD diagnoses? | Normal stress and worry may increasingly be labeled as pathology. |
| What concern was raised about pharmaceutical companies? | Drug companies may influence diagnoses and treatment expansion. |
| What example involving ADHD medication was shown? | Advertising for Strattera. |
| Why is direct-to-consumer advertising sociologically important? | It encourages consumers to identify themselves with medical conditions. |
| What question was raised by the "doctor on a drug maker's payroll" article? | Whether pharmaceutical industry relationships bias medical decision making. |
| According to SSM-V estimates, what are the odds of having a mental disorder during one's lifetime? | Greater than 50 percent. |
| Approximately what percentage of American adults experience a diagnosable medial disorder each year? | More than one-quarter. |
| What happened to ADHD rates since 1994? | They tripled. |
| What happened to autism and childhood bipolar disorder rates? | They increased dramatically. |
| What sociological explanation helps explain rising disorder rates? | Expanding definitions of mental illness. |
| What controversy involving grief was mentioned? | DSM-5 created a diagnosis for prolonged grief. |
| Why was prolonged grief controversial? | Critics argues it apathologized normal human mourning. |
| What message did the "Mental Illness is not Contagious" image promote?? | Reducing stigma and encouraging compassion toward mental illness. |
| Why is stigma important in medical sociology? | Social stigma shapes treatment, identity, and experiences of illness. |
| Besides doctors, what institutions now drive medicalization? | Biotechnology companies, consumers, insurance systems, and pharmaceutical corporations. |
| How has the role of doctors changes in medicalization? | Pharmaceutical companies increasingly shape medical decisions and diagnoses. |
| How do consumers contribute to medicalization? | Through demand encouraged by advertising and internet. |
| Is medicalization only an American phenomenon? | No-it is increasingly global. |
| What conflict-of interest concern was raised about DSM-V? | About 70 percent of task force members had ties to the pharmaceutical industry. |
| What organization criticized the DSM before publication? | The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). |
| What alternative system did NIMH support instead of DSM categories? | Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). |
| What is the major sociological lesson of medicalization? | Illness categories are shaped by social, economic, and political forces. |
| Why are Americans considered increasingly "sick" sociologically? | More experiences and and behaviors are being defined as medical disorders. |
| What role does the pharmaceutical industry play in medicalization? | It helps expand diagnoses and treatment markets. |
| What question does the lecture raise about genetics? | Whether genetics will further expand medical definitions of normality and illness. |
| What is the overall takeaway from the lecture? | Medicalization demonstrates how definitions of illness are socially constructed and contantly changing over time. |
| What is the central theme of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down? | The cultural conflict between Western medicine and Hmong beliefs about illness and healing. |
| Who is Lia Lee? | A Hmong child with epilepsy whose treatment became the center of a major cultural clash between her family and American doctors. |
| What does "The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down" mean? | It is the Hmong phrase for epilepsy. |
| What sociological issue does the book primarily explore? | Doctor-patient cultural misunderstanding and the role of culture in healthcare. |
| Why is this book important in medical sociology? | It demonstrates how culture shapes beliefs about illness, treatment, family, and healing. |
| What chapter introduces Hmong history? | Chapter two: Fish Soup. |
| How did Hmong history shape Hmong culture? | Through displacement, war, migration, and distrust of outside authority. |
| What role did the Vietnam War play in Hmong history? | Many Hmong fought alongside the U.S. during the war and were abandoned afterward. |
| What chapter explains the Hmong role in Vietnam War? | Chapter 10: War |
| What happened to many Hmong families after the Vietnam War? | They fled Laos as refugees and immigrated to the United States. |
| How do the Hmong traditionally understand epilepsy? | As both a medical condition and a spiritually significant experience. |
| Why did some Hmong view epilepsy positively? | Because seizures were sometimes associated with spiritual power or special status. |
| What chapter explains Hmong understandings of epilepsy? | Chapter three: Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. |
| What is a "neeb"? | A Hmong spiritual healing ceremony or shamanic practice. |
| Why did Lia's family use both Hmong and Western treatments? | They believed both spiritual and biomedical healing were important. |
| What major conflict existed between Lia's parents and her doctors? | Different beliefs about illness, treatment, and proper care. |
| Why did Lia's doctors become frustrated? | Lia's parents struggled to follow complicated medication schedule and treatment plans. |
| Why did Lia's parents distrust some medical treatments? | They feared treatments could harm Lia's soul or spiritual balance. |
| What chapter focuses heavily on the communication disconnect between doctors and Lia's parents? | Chapter five: Take as Directed. |
| Why is Chapter five especially important sociologically? | It shows how communication failures and cultural misunderstanding can worsen health outcomes. |
| What is a cultural broker? | Someone who helps bridge communication and understanding between different cultures. |
| Why were cultural brokers important in the book? | They helped reduce misunderstandings between Hmong families and healthcare workers. |
| Which social worker helped bridge cultures in the book? | Jeanine Hilt. |
| What chapter introduces Jeanine Hilt? | Chapter nine: A Little Medicine and a Little Neeb. |
| What did effective cultural brokers understand? | Both Hmong beliefs and Western medical systems. |
| Why did the government remove Lia from her home? | Doctors and social workers believe her parents were not providing proper medical care. |
| What chapter discusses liability being taken from her family? | Chapter seven: Government Property. |
| Why was Lia's removal traumatic for the family? | The Hmong placed enormous importance on family unity and caregiving. |
| What sociological issue is raised by Lia's removal? | Conflict between state authority and cultural traditions. |
| What was "The Big One"? | Lia's massive epileptic seizure that left her brain-dead. |
| What chapter recounts Lia's catastrophic seizure? | Chapter eleven: The Big One. |
| What happened to Lia after "The Big One"? | She entered a persistent vegetative state. |
| How did Lia's family continue caring for her? | With intense devotion using both Hmong spiritual traditions and physical caregiving. |
| What chapter discusses Hmong arrival in America? | Chapter fourteen: The Melting Pot. |
| What difficulties did Hmong immigrants face in America? | Racism, poverty, unemployment, welfare dependence, and cultural isolation. |
| What does selective acculturation mean in the book? | Adopting some American cultural practices while maintaining Hmong traditions. |
| Why was Merced, California important?? | It became a major Hmong settlement are. |
| What chapter explains why many Hmong settled in Merced? | Chapter sixteen: Why Did They PickMerced? |
| What chapter is considered essential for understanding reconciliation between cultures? | Chapter seventeen: The Eight Questions. |
| What are "The Eight Questions"? | Questions designed to help healthcare workers better understand patients' cultural beliefs about illness. |
| Why are "The Eight Questions" important in healthcare? | They improve cultural competence and communication. |
| What chapters discusses Western medicine learning to incorporate foreign cultures? | Chapter eighteen: The Life of the Soul. |
| What major criticism of Western medicine appears in the book? | Western medicine often ignored patients' cultural beliefs and values. |
| What major strength of Western medicine is shown in the book? | Advanced biomedical treatment and emergency care. |
| What major strength of Hmong healing traditions is shown? | Strong family care, emotional support, and spiritual meaning. |
| What is cultural competence? | The ability of healthcare providers to understand and work effectively with different cultures. |
| Why is cultural competence important in healthcare? | It improves trust, communication, treatment, adherence, and patient outcomes. |
| What occurs in Chapter nineteen: The sacrifice? | Lia's family performs a major sacrifice ceremony to reduce her suffering. |
| Why is The Sacrifice emotionally significant? | Readers come to deeply understand and emphasize with the family's love and devotion. |
| What is the biggest sociological lesson of the book? | Illness and healing are deeply shaped by culture. |
| Why did communication fail between Lia's family and doctors? | Language barriers are fundamentally different cultural understandings of illness. |
| Did either side want to harm Lia? | No- both the doctors and the family wanted to help her but understood healing differently. |
| What broader healthcare lesson does the book teach? | Effective healthcare requires empathy, communication, and cultural understanding. |
| What is one major critique the book makes of American healthcare? | It can prioritize biomedical efficiency over patient culture and human relationships. |
| What is the overall takeaway from The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down? | Healthcare outcomes are shaped not only by medicine, but also by culture, communication, power, and trust. |
| What pandemic was the Manchurian plague part of? | The Third Plague Pandemic (c. 1855-1950). |
| What pathogen caused the plague? | Yersinia pestik. |
| Approximately how many people died in the Manchurian plague? | Nearly 60,000 people. |
| What was the fatality rate of plague outbreaks discussed in lecture? | Over 75 percent. |
| What area did you"Manchuria" refer to? | Northeastern China, including Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Fengtian (Liaoning). |
| Why was Manchuria politically important? | It was a contested borderland involving Qing China, Russia, and Japan. |
| What major war increasingly foreign influence in Manchuria? | The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). |
| What railway became controlled by Japan after the Russo-Japanese War? | The South Manchurian Railway. |
| What major administrative reform occurred in Manchuria in 1907? | The Qing established the Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces. |
| Why is sovereignty important to understanding Qing plague policy? | The Qing government wanted to strengthen control over Manchuria and prevent foreign intervention. |
| What did the Qing government call its plague-control policies? | Western measures. |
| Were Western measures the same as modern biomedicine? | No- they mainly emphasized strict disease-control techniques rather than effective medical treatment. |
| Which Western-trained physician became Chief Medical Officer during the plague? | Wu Lien-teh. |
| Who was Dugald Christie? | A Scottish missionary physician who served as Honorary Medical Adviser. |
| What happened to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) during the plague response? | The Qing government largely excluded and abandoned TCM approaches. |
| What hospital closure symbolized the rejection of TCM? | The closure of the Chamber of Commerce Hospital on February 29, 1911. |
| What disease-control methods were emphasized in Qing plague policy? | Quarantine, traffic control, disinfection, and cremation. |
| What substances or methods were used for disinfection? | Phenol, sunlight, and burning. |
| Which institutions helped enforce plague policy? | The police and military. |
| Why were these measures considered "draconian"? | They relied heavily on coercion, surveillance, and forced control. |
| Why were Western plague-control measures medically limited? | There were no effective antibiotics or vaccines at the time. |
| What did the 1911 International Plague Conference conclude about treatment? | No treatment method had proven effective in saving lives. |
| What were some of the "Six Difficulties" in plague control? | Lack of personnel, supplies, funding, hospitals, quarantine enforcement, and cremation implementation. |
| What major question did the lecture ask? | Why the Qing adopted Western measures despite weak evidence of effectiveness and strong local resistance. |
| What comparison case was discussed? | British India during the Calcutta plague. |
| How did plague policy in India differ from Qing policy? | India eventually incorporated indigenous medicine, while the Qing excluded the TCM. |
| What does the lecture mean by "epidemic performance"? | The Qing government performed western modernity publicly, even when policies were poorly implemented locally. |
| According to the lecture, what audience was the Qing government trying to impress? | Foreign powers, especially Russia and Japan. |
| What types of measures were prioritized? | Transnational and symbolic measures, such as border controls and corpse management. |
| What kinds of local measures were often neglected? | Local quarantine enforcement, hospital care, and medical supply distribution. |
| What did funding patterns reveal about Qing priorities? | Symbolically important areas and international events received disproportionate resources. |
| What events received major funding despite limited local effectiveness? | The International Plague Conference. |
| What does the funding evidence suggest sociologically? | The Qing prioritized international legitimacy over effective local public health. |
| Did foreign observers view Qing plague policy positively? | Yes- many praised the Qing efforts publicly. |
| What Japanese official praised Qing plague control? | Koike Chōzō, the Japanese Consul-General in Fengtian. |
| What newspaper praised the Qing plague response? | The North China Daily News. |
| What important international event did the Qing organize in 1911? | The International Plague Conference in Mukden (fengtian). |
| What is "internalized Orientalism"? | The belief among Qing elites that Western medicine and science were inherently superior to Chinese traditions. |
| How did Qing officials describe supporters of TCM? | As stubborn, ignorant, or backward. |
| What idea was associated with Western medicine by Qing elites? | Progress (jinbu). |
| What sociological concept explains Qing elites reproducing Western superiority beliefs? | Orientalism. |
| How did officials describe ordinary people resisting plague measures? | Ignorant, obstinate, and irrational. |
| What was one major goal of plague policy besides health control? | Protecting Qing sovereignty. |
| Why did the Qing fear foreign intervention? | Russia and Japan could used public health failures as justification for political intervention. |
| Why was Shanghai Pass important during the plague? | It served as a checkpoint protecting Inner China from plague spread. |
| Why did the Qing emphasize Western-trained inspectors? | To satisfy foreign powers and demonstrate modern state capacity. |
| How did plague policy help construct sovereignty in Manchuria? | It demonstrated that the Qing could govern and modernize the region without foreign takeover. |
| What major sociological lesson does this lecture teach about medicine? | Public health policy is shaped by politics, nationalism, and international power- not only medical effectiveness. |
| What does the lecture suggest about Western medicine in global history? | Its authority spread partly through political and cultural power, not just scientific success. |
| What role did global politics play in epidemic control? | Epidemics became opportunities for states to display legitimacy and modernity. |
| What is one criticism of the Qing plague response? | It prioritized symbolic international performance over local public health needs. |
| What broader sociological concept connects the lecture together? | The relationship between medicine, colonial power, modernity, and state-building. |
| What is the overall takeaway from the lecture? | The Qing's plague policy functioned as an "epidemic performance" designed to protect sovereignty and demonstrate modernity through Western medicine. |
| What is Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)? | Treatments and healing practices not commonly practiced within mainstream medicine. |
| Does CAM have a single universally accepted definition? | No-there is no uniform definition. |
| What are examples of CAM practitioners? | Chiropractors, faith healers, folk healers, acupuncturists, homeopaths and naturopaths. |
| What are examples of CAM treatments? | Dietary supplements, acupuncture, herbal remedies, meditation, yoga, and chiropractic care. |
| How fast was alternative medicine growing in the early 1990s? | Five to six times faster than the growth rate of physicians. |
| What percentage of American adults used at least one CAM therapy in 2004? | 48 percent. |
| Approximately how many CAM visits occurred in 1997? | 629 million visits. |
| What are some reasons CAM grew in popularity? | Aging populations, chronic illness, consumer movements, and cultural migration. |
| Which groups are most likely to use CAM? | Whites, women, educated people, middle aged or younger adults, and those in poorer health. |
| What government organization was created in 1993 to study CAM? | The National Center for CAM (NCCAM) and NIH. |
| Why was NCCAM created? | To research CAM techniques and provide information about them. |
| According to NCCAM, what are the five major CAM domains? | Alternative medical systems, mind-body interventions, biologically based treatments, manipulative/body-based methods, and energy therapies. |
| What does the rise of university integrative medicine centers suggest sociologically? | CAM is becoming more institutionalized and accepted within mainstream healthcare. |
| What examples of CAM benefits were shown in lecture? | Yoga helping smoking cessation and meditation affecting brain structure, |
| Why is CAM controversial? | Some treatments lack strong scientific evidence and may conflict with biomedical standards. |
| What celebrity example highlighted controversy around CAM? | Gwyneth Plato and Goop's misleading health claims. |
| Why do some patients turn to CAM? | Because conventional biomedicine is not producing desirable results. |
| What attitude did some medical journals recommend toward CAM? | informed skepticism. |
| Why do some sociologists view CAM as a social movement? | Many practitioners and users identify as activists seeking healthcare change. |
| Why do CAM activists resist full incorporation into mainstream medicine? | They disagree with how hospitals and physicians integrate CAM practices. |
| What broader sociological issue does CAM raise? | Conflict over authority, legitimacy, and definitions of proper medicine. |
| What did the 1987 federal court case involving chiropractic medicine conclude? | The AMA conspired to destroy chiropractic medicine in violation of antitrust law. |
| What issue did the Christian Scientist court cases raise? | Tension between religious healing practices and biomedical expectations. |
| What are ancillary professions in Wardwell's schema? | Mainstream professions functioning under physician direction, such as nurses and physical therapists. |
| What are limited professions? | Professions limited to certain body parts or therapies, like dentists or psychologists. |
| What are marginal professions? | Professions like naturopathy, herbalism, and acupuncture. |
| What are quasi-practitioners? | Healers using methods not empirically verified, such as faith healers or folk healers. |
| What important sociological point does Cardwell's model emphasize? | Power determines professional status and legitimacy. |
| What sociological theory helps explain doctor-patient relationships? | Parsons' sick role theory. |
| What is the sick role? | A set of social expectations defining appropriate behavior for sick people and those around them. |
| What are the four postulates of the sick role? | Sick people are exempt from normal duties, illness is not their fault, they should want to get well, they should seek competent medical help. |
| Why does The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down challenge Parsons' model? | Doctor-patient interactions do not always follow predictable or cooperative patterns. |
| What determines the effectiveness of doctor-patient relations? | The ability of doctors and patients to understand one another. |
| What major communication problem exists in healthcare? | Doctors often fail to fully explain conditions or treatments. |
| Why do doctors sometimes withhold information from patients? | Patients may not understand it, or the information may be emotionally threatening. |
| According to Szasz and Hollender, what determines doctor-patient interaction style? | The seriousness of the illness. |
| What is the activity-passivity model? | The doctor has all power because the patient is helpless or critically ill. |
| What is the guidance-cooperation model? | The doctor leads treatment while the patient cooperates. |
| What is the mutual participation model? | Doctor and patient work together as partners, especially in chronic illness care. |
| According to Hayes- Bautista, what is doctor-patient interaction? | A process of negotiation. |
| What additional roles may doctors play besides healer? | Educator, detective, negotiator, salesperson, cheerleader, and police officer. |
| What tension exists in ICU doctor-patient interactions? | Doctors may not share decision-making authority. |
| What trend exists in modern doctor-patient relations? | Patients are increasingly active participants in care decisions. |
| What model is increasingly common today? | Mutual participation in decision-making. |
| How does socioeconomic status (SES) affect doctor-patient communication? | SES shapes how actively patients participate and how doctors communicate. |
| Which patients are more likely to negotiate with doctors? | Middle and upper class patients. |
| How are lower SES patients often treated or perceived? | As more passive healthcare recipients. |
| What factor is most important in building patient trust? | Physician behavior toward patient. |
| What healthcare issue involving women was revisited in lecture? | Women's heart disease is often overlooked. |
| How do female physicians sometimes differ from male physicians? | Female doctors may listen more carefully to patient comments and histories. |
| What challenge do female physicians sometimes face? | Being perceived as less authoritative. |
| What are third party payers? | Insurance companies, medicare, medicaid, and managed care organizations. |
| How do third party payers influence healthcare? | They influence reimbursement, tie speed with patients, and clinical decisions. |
| How has the internet changed doctor-patient interactions? | Patients increasingly research medical information online before appointments. |
| Why are cultural differences important in healthcare? | Different cultures understand illness and treatment differently. |
| What example demonstrated cultural misunderstanding in healthcare? | A Mexican American patient whose beliefs were dismissed by a physician. |
| What sociological lesson comes from cross cultural medical encounters? | Misunderstanding and mistrust can harm healthcare outcomes. |
| What is disease? | An adverse physical state? |
| What is illness? | The subjective experience and awareness of being unwell. |
| What is sickness? | The social role and expectations associated with being ill. |
| Why is sickness especially important in sociology? | Because it focuses on social expectations and norms surrounding illness. |
| What is the main lesson about doctor-patient interaction? | It is shaped by social factors like SES, gender, culture, and power. |
| What broader sociological issue connects CAM and doctor-patient relations? | Conflict over medical authority and definitions of legitimate healing. |
| What is the overall takeaway from the lecture? | Healthcare interactions are deeply social processes shaped by communication, inequality, culture, and competing understandings of medicine. |
| What does medical school teach besides medical knowledge and technical skills? | Values, beliefs, attitudes, and professional behaviors. |
| What is socialization? | The process through which people acquire the values, attitudes, behaviors and identity of a group or society. |
| How does medical school socialize students? | It teaches them how to think, behave, and emotionally respond like physicians. |
| How are disease and death often reframed during medical education? | As medical problems rather than emotional experiences. |
| Why is socialization important in medical sociology? | It shapes how physicians interact with patients, illness, and healthcare institutions. |
| What is the formal curriculum in medical school? | Official classroom instruction, exams, and clinical training. |
| What is the hidden curriculum? | Unofficial lessons learned through observation, culture, and interactions; |
| How do students learn from older physicians? | By observing how experienced doctors interact with patients and nurses. |
| When can physician socialization begin? | As early as the pre-med years. |
| What major experience occurs early in first year medical school? | Cadaver dissection. |
| Why is cadaver dissection sociologically important? | It helps students become comfortable with the human body and death. |
| What kinds of examinations do second year students begin learning? | Physical exams, gynecological exams, and autopsies. |
| What happens during third year clinical training? | Students conduct examinations and assist in medical procedures. |
| What broader sociological process occurs through increasing bodily contact? | Emotional desensitization and professional normalization. |
| What is "affective neutrality" or detached concern"? | Emotional detachment that allows physicians to function professionally. |
| Why is emotional detachment encouraged in medicine? | To help physicians handle suffering, death, and uncomfortable procedures. |
| What type of medical knowledge is often valued more highly? | Clinical experience over scientific research. |
| What model of the body dominated traditional medical education? | A mechanistic model treating the body like a machine. |
| What kinds of illnesses receive greater emphasis in training? | Acute and rare illnesses rather than chronic illness. |
| What does mastering uncertainty mean in medical education? | Learning to make decisions despite incomplete knowledge. |
| What emotional struggles do medical students often experience? | Attraction, disgust, discomfort, embarrassment, and anxiety during patient care. |
| Why are these emotions considered problematic in medical culture? | Physicians are expected to remain professional and emotionally controlled. |
| How do students transform patients psychologically? | By viewing patients as analytical problems rather than emotional individuals. |
| Why do students accentuate the positive? | To justify difficult or uncomfortable medical experiences as meaningful learning. |
| Why is joking common in medical culture? | Humor helps reduce stress and emotional discomfort. |
| What does avoiding sensitive contact refer to? | Avoiding intimate or emotionally difficult examinations when possible. |
| What sociological function do these coping strategies serve? | They help students adapt to the emotional demands of medicine. |
| What criticism exists about the traditional medical curriculum? | Students receive little clinical exposure until later years. |
| Why are short hospital rotations criticized? | They prevent long term relationships with patients. |
| What effect can heavy memorization have on students? | It may create "test savvy cynics" instead of compassionate physicians. |
| What major concern is raised about physician socialization? | Medical training may reduce empathy and humanity. |
| What is an integrated curriculum? | A curriculum combining science education with clinical practice. |
| What major reform is occurring in some medical schools? | Students been seeing patients from day one. |
| Why are longer patient relationships encouraged in newer curricula? | To strengthen empathy and continuity of care. |
| What new settings are included in modern medical training? | Community clinics, nursing homes, and non hospital settings. |
| What sociological goal motivates these reforms? | Producing more compassionate, patient centered physicians. |
| Despite reforms, what problems remain medical education? | Emotional detachment, mechanistic thinking, and emphasis on intervention. |
| Why does the mechanistic model remain influential? | Medicine still prioritizes technical intervention and biomedical problem solving. |
| What diversity issue was discussed regarding medical schools? | Underrepresentation and unequal treatment of minority groups. |
| What are micro aggressions? | Subtle forms of discrimination or bias experienced in everyday interactions. |
| What challenges do doctors and trainees of color face? | Racism, stereotyping, exclusion, and gaslighting. |
| Why is representation important in medicine? | Diverse physicians improve inclusion and patient care. |
| What issue involving darker skin tones was highlighted? | Medical textbooks and training often fail to show symptoms on darker skin. |
| What sociological problem does this reflect? | Medicine has historically centered white patients and experiences, |
| What curriculum initiative was highlighted at Harvard Medical School? | Expanding gender and DEI education. |
| Why are DEI initiatives important in medical education? | They aim to improve care for marginalized and underrepresented patients. |
| What historical achievement of BUSOM was highlighted? | Early inclusion of women and Black physicians in medical education. |
| Why is BUSOM sociologically significant in the lecture? | It represents efforts toward greater diversity and inclusion in medicine. |
| What social issue was highlighted through "Methadone Mile"? | Addiction, homelessness, and healthcare inequality. |
| Why is exposure to marginalized communities important in medical training? | It helps students understand structural inequality and vulnerable populations. |
| What broader healthcare issue is shown through addiction treatment discussions? | The intersection of poverty, public health, and social marginalization. |
| What example involving California universities was shown? | Efforts to shield entire cities from COVID-19. |
| What does the COVID example demonstrate sociologically? | Medical institutions influence entire communities and public policy. |
| What is the major sociological lesson of medical education? | Medical school shapes identity, emotions, values, and worldview- not just scientific knowledge. |
| Why is physician socialization powerful? | It changes how doctors think about patients, illness, death, and professionalism. |
| What tension exists in medical education today? | Balancing technical expertise with empathy and humanity. |
| What broader inequality issue exists in medicine? | Certain groups have historically been privileged while others have been marginalized. |
| What hopeful trend does the lecture indemnify? | Leading medical schools are reforming curricula to become more patient centered and inclusive. |
| What role are medical students playing in reform? | Students are actively pushing for diversity, equity and curricular change. |
| What is the overall takeaway from the lecture? | Medical education is a deeply social process that shapes physicians' identities, emotions, values, and relationships with patients. |
| What major sociological question begins the lecture? | How doctors became so powerful and central in healthcare despite being a small part of the health workforce. |
| What is a profession? | An occupation that gains dominant control over its work within the division of labor. |
| What makes professions sociologically important? | They gain authority, autonomy, and control over specialized knowledge and labor. |
| What is the implicit social contract between professions and the state? | Society grants professions authority and autonomy in exchange for expertise and service. |
| What are the three major characteristics of a profession? | Specialized knowledge, service orientation, and legal autonomy/self-regulation. |
| What does legal autonomy mean for professions? | Control over training, licensing, and entry into the field. |
| Why is specialized knowledge important for professions? | It justifies professional authority and public trust. |
| What does "service orientation" mean? | Professionals claim to act in the public's interest, not just for profit. |
| What is professional jurisdiction? | The connection between a profession and control over its work. |
| Why is jurisdiction important? | It helps professions maintain dominance and authority. |
| In what three areas are jurisdiction claims made? | The legal system, public opinion, and the workplace. |
| What sociological struggle exists around jurisdiction? | Different professions compete for authority over specific tasks and expertise. |
| What was the status of medicine in the 18th and 19th centuries? | Low prestige and inconsistent standards. |
| What organization was founded in 1847 to professionalize medicine? | The American Medical Association (AMA). |
| How did the AMA strengthen physician dominance? | By eliminating or subordinating competing healers and professions. |
| What broader social changes helped physicians rise to power? | Increasing trust in science and greater reliance on professional medicine. |
| Why was control over medical education important to the AMA? | It allowed the profession to raise standards and control entry into medicine. |
| What were proprietary medical schools? | Profit driven medical schools with low standards common in the 1800s. |
| What did the AMA create in 1904? | The Council on Medical Education. |
| What was the purpose of the Council on Medical Education? | To improve and standardize medical education. |
| What was the Flexner Report? | A major 1910 evaluation of medical schools in the United States and Canada. |
| How did the Flexner Report describe many medical schools? | As plague sports, utterly wretched, and inadequate. |
| How many schools received full approval in the Flexner Report? | Only three schools. |
| What effect did the Flexner Report have? | It raised standards and dramatically reshaped medical education. |
| How did the Flexner Report strengthen the AMA? | It gave the AMA influence over defining proper medical education. |
| What were the three eras discussed in lecture? | Professional dominance, federal involvement, and managerial/market control. |
| When was the era of professional dominance? | Approximately 1920-1965. |
| What is the golden age of doctoring? | The era when physicians had maximum authority and autonomy. |
| What was the motto of professional dominance? | Quality of care as determined by physicians. |
| Who were the major actors during the golden age? | Independent physicians, hospitals, private insurers, and professional associations. |
| When did the era of federal involvement occur? | Approximately 1966 to 1982. |
| What was the motto of this era? | Equity of access to healthcare. |
| What major healthcare programs were introduced in this era? | Medicare and Medicaid. |
| What new actors became important during this period? | Federal and state agencies and community health organizations. |
| When did the era of managerial control being? | Around 1983. |
| What legislation symbolized this shift? | DRG legislation (Diagnosis-Related Groups). |
| What became the central goals in this era? | Cos control and efficiency. |
| What organizations became powerful in this period? | Managed care organizations, employers, and consumer advocacy groups. |
| What does professional seduction by Big Pharma men? | Pharmaceutical companies influencing doctors and the medical profession. |
| How do pharmaceutical companies influence medicine? | Marketing diseases, influencing trials, ghost writing articles, and promoting drugs, |
| What is direct to consumer advertising (DTCA)? | Drug advertising aimed directly at patients. |
| Why is pharmaceutical influence sociologically important? | It shapes diagnoses, treatments, and professional authority. |
| According to T and O what relationship exists between physicians and pharma? | Mutual dependence. |
| What is deprofessionalization? | The weakening of professional authority and autonomy. |
| What factors contributed to declining physician dominance? | Loss of trust, manages care, corporations, and consumer empowerment, |
| What is proletarianization? | Professionals increasingly losing independence and functioning more like employees. |
| What is corporatization? | Healthcare increasingly controlled by large organizations and corporations. |
| What is evidence based medicine (EBM)? | Medical practice guided by scientific evidence and standardized guidelines. |
| Why has EB< not completely replaced physician discretion? | Guidelines are sometimes weak, passive, or overridden by clinical judgment and patient demands. |
| What structural change has occurred among physicians? | More doctors work as employees rather than independent practitioners. |
| What groups increasingly challenge physician authority? | Nurse practitioners, physician assistants, chiropractors, and CAM providers. |
| Why are these challengers sociologically important? | They compete with physicians for professional jurisdiction. |
| What are countervailing powers? | Powerful groups that balance and challenge physician dominance. |
| Who are three major countervailing groups? | Buyers, providers, and payers. |
| Who are the buyers in healthcare? | Employers, corporations, and consumers. |
| Who are the payers in healthcare? | Insurance companies and governments. |
| Does the MA still fully represent all physicians equally? | No- power within the AMA is concentrated among a relatively small group. |
| What internal criticism exists about the AMA? | Limited dissent and centralized governance. |
| What idea has the AMA strongly defended? | The physician as an independent practitioner. |
| What challenge now faces the AMA? | Fractures within the profession and declining dominance. |
| What is the major sociological lesson of the lecture? | Medical authority is constructed and historically developed. |
| How did doctors gain professional dominance? | Through control of education, licensing, professional organizations, and jurisdiction. |
| Why is physician authority weaker today than during the golden age? | Corporations, government, insurers, consumers, and other professions now share power. |
| What broader sociological theme connect the lecture? | Professional power is shaped by politics, economics, institutions, and social conflict. |
| What is the overall takeaway from the lecture? | The medical profession achieved dominance through professionalization and institutional control, but that dominance is increasingly challenged in modern healthcare. |
| What was the central focus of Adam Gaffney's lecture? | The fight for universal healthcare and Medicare for all in the United States. |
| What major healthcare law passed in 2010? | The Affordable Care Act (ACA). |
| What organization featured prominently in the lecture? | Physicians for a National Health Program (PNHP). |
| What broader sociology issue does the lecture address? | Healthcare inequality and the organization of the U.S. healthcare system. |
| What role does Adam Gaffney play in healthcare reform discussions? | Physician, researcher, and advocate for universal healthcare. |
| How does U.S. life expectancy compare to to other wealthy countries? | The U.S. falls behind nations like Canada, Germany, France, and the UK. |
| What trend worsened during and after the COVIDD-19 pandemic? | The U.S. life expectancy gap compared to peer nations. |
| What does treatable mortality refer to? | Deaths that could potentially be prevented with effective healthcare. |
| How does the U.S. treatable mortality compare internationally? | The U.S. has higher rates than comparable wealth countries. |
| What conclusion does the lecture draw from these statistics? | U.S. healthcare outcomes are comparatively poor and require major reform. |
| Approximately how many Americans remain uninsured today? | About 27 million people. |
| Did the Affordable Care Act eliminate uninsurance? | No- it reduced but did not eliminate it. |
| What does the lecture argue about incremental healthcare reforms? | They still leave many Americans uninsured. |
| What future policy discussed in the lecture could increase uninsurance? | The OBBBA proposal. |
| How many people were projected to lose insurance under the OBBBA proposal? | About 10 million people. |
| Which program would account for most projected coverage losses? | Medicaid. |
| What comparison involving diabetic ketoacidosis was shown in lecture? | The U.S. versus Manitoba, Canada. |
| What did the diabetic ketoacidosis study suggest?? | Lack of stable healthcare coverage worsens health outcomes. |
| What was the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment? | A study examining the effects of gaining Medicaid coverage. |
| What positive effects occurred after gaining Medicaid? | Better access to care, incased preventive screening, and improved self reported health. |
| What broader conclusion did the lecture make about insurance coverage? | Health insurance saves lives. |
| Why does the lecture argue for universal, seamless coverage? | Because many Americans experience periods without insurance during their lives. |
| What sociological issue does unstable insurance coverage create? | Structural vulnerability and unequal access to healthcare. |
| What is underinsurance? | Having insurance but still facing unaffordable healthcare costs. |
| According to the lecture, how common is healthcare financial strain? | More than one quarter of Americans experience it over four years. |
| What is a high deductible health plan (HDHP)? | A health insurance plan requiring patients to pay late out of pocket costs before coverage begins. |
| What trends exists for deductibles in employer-sponsored insurance? | Deductibles have risen substantially over time. |
| What humorous example illustrated extreme deductibles? | An Onion article about an "infinite deductible" healthcare plan. |
| What does "cost sharing" mean in healthcare? | Patients paying deductibles, co-pays, or coinsurance. |
| How many adults reportedly rationed insulin due to cost in 2021? | About 1.3 million adults. |
| What behavior counted as insulin rationing? | Skipping doses, taking less insulin, or delaying purchases. |
| What effect did high-deductible plans have on breast cancer care? | Delays in diagnosis and treatment. |
| What happened when Medicare drug cost sharing increased? | Mortality rates increased. |
| What broader sociological point does the lecture make about underinsurance? | Financial barriers to care can directly har or kill patients. |
| What major trend in healthcare delivery was discussed? | Increasing corporate ownership and consolidation. |
| What types of healthcare facilities increasingly became for-profit? | Nursing homes, hospices, dialysis centers, and home health agencies. |
| What concern was raised about for profit hospices? | They spend less on direct patient care. |
| What company was highlighted as an example of healthcare consolidation? | UnitedHealth Group. |
| Why is UnitedHealth Group sociologically significant? | It combines insurance, physician employment, pharmacy services, and analytics under one corporation. |
| What does the lecture call the rise of private equity in healthcare? | Hypercapitalism in healthcare, |
| What is private equity? | Investment firms that purchase companies using pooled funds and debt. |
| What incentives characterize private equity healthcare ownership? | Short term profit maximization, consolidation, and cost-cutting. |
| What effect did private equity acquisition of nursing homes have? | Higher mortality and higher patient costs. |
| Why does the lecture criticize private equity ownership? | It prioritized profits over patient care. |
| How does U.S. healthcare spending compare internationally? | The U.S. spends far more than other wealthy countries. |
| What percentage of GDP is U.S. healthcare spending projected to exceed? | More than 20 percent of GDP. |
| What major explanation does the lecture provide for high U.S. costs? | Administrative complexity and private insurance bureaucracy. |
| How do U.S. administrative healthcare costs compare to to Canada's? | U.S. administrative spending is dramatically higher. |
| Why are administrative costs sociologically important? | They reflect how fragmented and market driven the U.S. healthcare system is. |
| What does Medicare for All (M4A) propose? | A universal single-payer healthcare system. |
| According to the lecture, what advantage would M4A provide? | Large administrative savings and universal coverage. |
| Why does the lecture criticize incremental reforms? | They preserve administrative waste and underinsurance. |
| What article did Gaffney co-author in 2016? | "Moving Forward From the Affordable Care Act to a Single Payer System." |
| What political movement gained momentum around M4A? | Progressive healthcare reform associated with Bernie Sanders and congressional Democrats. |
| What is HR 1384? | A Medicare for All bill succeeding HR 676. |
| According to the lecture, do many Americans support Medicare for All? | Yes- including strong support among Democrats. |
| How do opinions about healthcare cuts change when people learn policy details? | Public opposition increases significantly. |
| What sociological issue shapes healthcare reform debates? | Political conflict over inequality, markets, and social rights. |
| What is the lectures main critique of the U.S. healthcare system? | It produces inequality, financial hardship, and poor health outcomes despite enormous spending. |
| What broader sociological concept connects the lecture? | Healthcare is shaped by politics, capitalism, inequality, and institutional organization. |
| What role does corporate power play in healthcare according to the lecture? | Corporations increasingly control healthcare delivery and financing. |
| What major moral argument appears throughout the lecture? | Healthcare should function as a social right rather than a market commodity. |
| What is the overall takeaway from the lecture? | Universal healthcare advocates argue that the U.S. healthcare system's problems stem from uninsurance, underinsurance , corporate control, and administrative complexity, requiring transformational reform. |
| Why doesn't the U.S. have National Health Insurance (NHI)? | Because of strong opposition from the medical profession (especially the AMA) and the development of an entrenched private health insurance system. |
| What is National Health Insurance (NHI)? | A healthcare system in which the government guarantees health insurance coverage for the population. |
| What major healthcare reform efforts failed before the ACA? | NHI efforts during the 1930s alongside Social Security, Truman's 1945 proposal, Nixon's employer based/ public hybrid proposal. Carter's reform attempts, and Clintons healthcare reform effort. |
| What is CHIP? | The Children's Health Insurance Program (1997), which expanded coverage for children in low income families. |
| What is the ACA? | The Affordable Care Act, a major healthcare reform law aimed at expanding insurance coverage and regulating insurers. |
| What organization strongly opposed NHI? | The American Medical Association (AMA). |
| How did the Flexner Report increase AMA power? | It professionalized medicine and increased physician membership and influence within the AMA. |
| How did AMA membership grow over time? | 1901: 7 percent, 1915: greater than 50 percent, 1930: 65 percent. |
| What was the AMA's 1920 policy position? | The AMA opposed compulsory government controlled health insurance programs. |
| Why is Social Security contrasted with healthcare reform? | Because Social Security succeeded politically while national healthcare reform repeatedly failed. |
| What is Medicaid? | A government health insurance program for low-income individuals and families. |
| When was Medicaid created? | Under Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) during the War on Poverty. |
| How is Medicaid funded? | Through shared federal and state government funding. |
| What does "means-tested" mean? | Eligibility is based on income and financial need. |
| Who did Medicaid originally cover? | Needy individuals receiving cash assistance. |
| What percentage of the population did Medicaid cover in 2008? | 15.5 percent of the population (47.1 million people). |
| What is Medicare? | A federal health insurance program primarily for people aged 65 and older. |
| Why was Medicare considered a "watershed moment"? | Because it greatly expanded federal involvement in healthcare and reduced the profession's exclusive control over medicine. |
| What did the passage of Medicare reveal about the AMA? | That the medical profession did not always prioritize the public interest over professional interests. |
| What happened to federal health spending after Medicare passed? | It rose from less than 10 billion dollars to 40 billion dollars within a decade. |
| What does Medicare Part A cover? | Hospital insurance. |
| What does Medicare Part B cover? | Voluntary medical insurance for people 65+. |
| What does Medicare Part D cover? | Prescription drug coverage. |
| Does Medicare provide unlimited benefits? | No. Beneficiaries still pay deductibles and co-pays. |
| Who administers Medicare? | The Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS). |
| Besides the elderly, who else can qualify for Medicare? | Disabled individuals under age 65. |
| How many Americans were covered collectively by Medicare and Medicaid in 2008? | 30.3 percent of Americans. |
| Why are Medicare and Medicaid historically important? | They established a precedent for government involvement in healthcare. |
| What major problem continues in the U.S. healthcare system? | Escalating healthcare costs. |
| Why is the U.S. healthcare system considered an "oddity"? | Because it relies heavily on private health insurance instead of universal public coverage. |
| How did tax subsidies contribute to employer based insurance? | Government tax exemptions encouraged employers to provide private insurance. |
| What healthcare system serves veterans? | The Veterans Health Administration (VA)? |
| What are advantages of VA healthcare? | Comprehensive and relatively generous care coverage. |
| What is a disadvantage of VA healthcare? | Longer wait times. |
| Why is the VA significant? | It is the largest integrated healthcare system in the United States. |
| What is the central sociological argument of this lecture? | Healthcare systems are shaped by political power, professional interests, and historical institutions- not just medical needs. |
| What role did the medical profession play in having U.S. healthcare? | Physicians and the AMA strongly influenced policy and helped preserve a private insurance based system. |
| Why did private insurance become dominant in the U.S.? | Because of employer based insurance growth, tax incentives, and resistance to nationalized healthcare. |
| What is the War on Poverty connection to healthcare? | LBJ's War on Poverty created Medicare and Medicaid to expand healthcare access. |
| Why are healthcare costs politically important? | Because Medicare and Medicaid spending take up increasingly large share of federal spending. |
| How did the AMA influence healthcare policy in the U.S.? | The AMA used its growing professional authority to oppose compulsory government insurance and support physician autonomy, helping maintain a private insurance-based system. |
| Compare Medicare and Medicaid. | Medicare: primarily for elderly and disabled individuals; federally administered. Medicaid: for low income individuals; jointly funded by states and federal government; means-tested |
| Why has the U.S. struggled to establish NHI? | Due to physician opposition, political resistance, entrenched private interests, and the growth of employer based private insurance. |
| What is the Affordable Care Act (ACA)? | A major healthcare reform law signed in 2010 designed to expand health insurance coverage, regulate insurers, and reduce the uninsured rate. |
| Why is the ACA historically significant? | It is considered the most significant healthcare legislation since Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. |
| When was the ACA signed into law? | March 23, 2010. |
| What quote by Rudolf Virchow appeared in the lecture? | “Medicine is a social science, and politics is nothing more than medicine on a grand scale.” |
| Why is the ACA considered politically contentious? | Because it passed by narrow margins, faced intense partisan conflict, lawsuits, and repeated repeal attempts. |
| How narrowly did the ACA pass the House? | 220-215. |
| How did the ACA pass the Senate? | 60-39. |
| What legislative strategy helped finalize the ACA? | Budget reconciliation, which avoided a filibuster. |
| What was the individual mandate? | A requirement that most Americans obtain health insurance or pay a penalty. |
| Why was the individual mandate included? | To encourage healthy people to buy insurance and stabilize insurance markets. |
| What were the penalties for not having insurance under the mandate? | 2014: $95 or 1% of income 2015: $325 or 2% 2016+: $695 or 2.5% |
| What are protections for pre-existing conditions? | Rules preventing insurance companies from denying coverage or charging more because of medical history. |
| Why are pre-existing condition protections popular? | Because they protect sick individuals from losing access to affordable healthcare. |
| What are health insurance exchanges? | Online marketplaces where individuals can compare and purchase insurance plans. |
| What was the “public option”? | A proposed government-run insurance plan that would compete with private insurers. |
| What happened to the public option? | It failed and was removed from the final ACA legislation. |
| What did the ACA do for low-income Americans? | Expanded Medicaid eligibility and provided subsidies for insurance. |
| What are ACA subsidies? | Government financial assistance that lowers insurance premiums for eligible individuals. |
| What is Medicaid expansion? | The ACA policy that expanded Medicaid eligibility to more low-income adults. |
| What happened to uninsured rates in Medicaid expansion states? | They dropped significantly more than in non-expansion states. |
| How many states had expanded Medicaid by 2023? | 40 states plus Washington, D.C. |
| What happened in states that refused Medicaid expansion? | Millions remained uninsured. |
| How did uninsured rates compare in expansion vs. non-expansion states? | Non-expansion states had almost double the uninsured rate. |
| Which groups remain the most uninsured? | People of color, especially Hispanic Americans. |
| How did the ACA affect insurance coverage? | It significantly reduced the number of uninsured Americans. |
| Approximately how many more people gained coverage because of the ACA? | Over 38 million people. |
| How did the ACA affect premiums? | Some evidence suggested premiums were lower than they would have been without the ACA. |
| What percentage of Americans remained uninsured in recent years? | Around 7–8%. |
| What is one sociological importance of the ACA? | It expanded access to healthcare and reduced inequality in coverage. |
| What major legal challenge did the ACA face? | Challenges claiming the individual mandate was unconstitutional. |
| What did the Supreme Court decide in 2012? | It mostly upheld the ACA. |
| Why was the Supreme Court ruling important? | It allowed the ACA to survive and continue implementation. |
| Why did Republicans strongly oppose the ACA? | They argued it expanded government power, increased regulation, and imposed mandates. |
| What was one major Republican goal after 2010? | Repealing and replacing the ACA. |
| What was the American Health Care Act (AHCA)? | A Republican proposal intended to replace the ACA. |
| According to critics, who would have been hurt most by the AHCA? | Older, sicker, and lower-income Americans. |
| What tax effects would ACA repeal have had? | Large tax cuts benefiting wealthy Americans. |
| How much in tax cuts did the AHCA propose? | Nearly $600 billion. |
| Why did ACA repeal efforts ultimately fail? | Public opposition, political division, and concern about coverage losses. |
| What actions weakened the ACA during the Trump administration? | Reduced outreach/advertising, Shortened enrollment periods, Eliminated mandate penalties, Encouraged short-term insurance plans, Supported litigation against ACA protections. |
| What happened to the individual mandate penalty? | It was effectively eliminated beginning in 2019. |
| What are short-term insurance plans? | Cheaper insurance plans that often lack ACA protections, including pre-existing condition coverage. |
| What are Medicaid work requirements? | Policies requiring some Medicaid recipients to work to maintain eligibility. |
| What happened to enhanced ACA subsidies in 2025? | Congress allowed them to expire. |
| What effects are expected from subsidy expiration? | Premiums doubling or more for many Americans, Millions losing insurance coverage. |
| Which groups are expected to be most affected by subsidy expiration? | Older adults (50–64), Gig workers, Low-income households. |
| What broader concern exists for hospitals and academic medicine? | Funding cuts may harm research, medical education, and patient care. |
| What major healthcare problem still exists despite the ACA? | High healthcare costs and affordability issues. |
| Why does the lecture emphasize “solidarity”? | Because insurance systems work best when healthy and sick individuals all participate together. |
| What does the ACA reveal about healthcare and politics? | Healthcare policy is deeply shaped by political conflict, ideology, and economic interests. |
| Why is the ACA described as “imperfect”? | Because it expanded coverage but did not create universal healthcare or fully control costs. |
| What is the central sociological lesson of the ACA? | Healthcare systems are political institutions shaped by struggles over inequality, government responsibility, and market power. |
| Difference between Medicare/Medicaid and the ACA? | Medicare/Medicaid: government insurance programs for specific populations. ACA: broader reform regulating private insurance and expanding coverage. |
| Difference between Medicaid expansion and the individual mandate? | Medicaid expansion: expanded public insurance eligibility. Individual mandate: required individuals to obtain insurance. |
| Difference between ACA exchanges and employer-based insurance? | Exchanges: individual marketplace plans. Employer insurance: coverage provided through jobs |
| How did the ACA reduce the uninsured rate? | Through Medicaid expansion, insurance exchanges, subsidies, and protections for pre-existing conditions. |
| Why were pre-existing condition protections so important? | They prevented discrimination against sick individuals and increased access to healthcare. |
| Why is the ACA politically divisive? | Because it raises debates about government intervention, taxes, markets, and healthcare as a right. |
| What are some unintended or continuing challenges of the ACA? | High premiums, uneven state participation, political instability, and continued healthcare inequality. |
| What sociological inequalities remain despite the ACA? | Racial disparities, income-based inequalities, and geographic differences in coverage access. |
| What are the three major organizational questions for healthcare systems? | Who pays? Who delivers care? Are there co-pays or premiums? |
| What are the four main healthcare system models? | Beveridge Model, National Health Insurance (NHI), Bismarck Model, Out-of-Pocket (OOP) Model. |
| What is the Beveridge Model? | A system where healthcare is financed and provided by the government. |
| Which countries use the Beveridge Model? | United Kingdom Italy Spain Scandinavian countries Cuba U.S. Veterans Administration (VA) |
| What is another name often associated with the Beveridge Model? | Single-payer healthcare. |
| What are advantages of the Beveridge Model? | Universal coverage, lower administrative costs, and strong government cost control. |
| What is the National Health Insurance model? | A single government payer finances healthcare, but providers remain private. |
| Which countries use NHI systems? | Canada Taiwan Medicare in the U.S. resembles this model |
| What is a key feature of NHI systems? | Private doctors and hospitals operate while the government pays bills. |
| What is the Bismarck Model? | A system using private providers and multiple insurance payers. |
| Which countries use the Bismarck Model? | Germany Japan France Switzerland |
| What funds Bismarck systems? | Employer and employee insurance contributions. |
| What is distinctive about Bismarck systems? | They rely on tightly regulated nonprofit insurance systems. |
| What is the Out-of-Pocket model? | Patients directly pay for healthcare themselves. |
| Where is the OOP model common? | Much of the developing world and among uninsured Americans. |
| What is a major disadvantage of OOP systems? | People may avoid or delay care because of cost. |
| Why is the U.S. healthcare system considered fragmented? | Different populations use different healthcare models. |
| How does the lecture describe the U.S. healthcare system? | Under 65: resembles Germany (Bismarck) Veterans/Native Americans: resembles Britain (Beveridge) Over 65: resembles Canada (NHI) Uninsured: Out-of-Pocket |
| Why is U.S. healthcare considered unusually expensive? | Because of administrative complexity, high prices, fragmented insurance, and profit incentives. |
| Does the U.S. spend more on healthcare than other countries? | Yes, far more per capita than comparable nations. |
| Does higher U.S. spending produce better overall outcomes? | Generally no; the U.S. often has worse outcomes despite higher spending.. |
| What percentage of GDP does the U.S. spend on healthcare? | Much higher than peer nations (around 17–18% in many charts shown). |
| What is one major argument of the lecture about U.S. costs? | The complexity of the U.S. system itself is expensive. |
| What myth says malpractice lawsuits drive healthcare costs? | “Myth #1.” |
| How much of national health spending does malpractice account for? | Less than 2%. |
| What myth says aging populations drive U.S. costs? | “Myth #2.” |
| Why is the aging explanation insufficient? | Many countries are older than the U.S. but spend less on healthcare. |
| What myth says Americans use healthcare more often? | “Myth #3.” |
| Do Americans actually visit doctors more frequently than other countries? | No. Many countries have more doctor visits per person. |
| According to the lecture, what REALLY drives healthcare costs? | High prices. |
| What types of prices are especially high in the U.S.? | Hospital charges Physician salaries Pharmaceuticals Administration costs Medical devices |
| What payment system encourages higher healthcare spending? | Fee-for-service reimbursement. |
| What does fee-for-service mean? | Providers are paid for each procedure or service performed. |
| Why does fee-for-service increase costs? | It incentivizes more tests, procedures, and treatments. |
| Why are administrative costs high in the U.S.? | Because of multiple insurers, billing systems, and bureaucratic complexity. |
| How do U.S. insurance overhead costs compare internationally? | They are dramatically higher than in countries with simpler systems. |
| Why are insurance overhead costs lower in single-payer systems? | Because fewer insurance companies and billing systems reduce bureaucracy. |
| Does the U.S. have high life expectancy compared to peer nations? | No, life expectancy is lower than many wealthy countries. |
| What trend has occurred in U.S. life expectancy recently? | It has declined in recent years. |
| What are some contributors to lower U.S. life expectancy? | Overdose deaths Gun violence Chronic disease Healthcare inequality |
| What became the leading cause of death among young Americans? | Drug overdoses. |
| What became the leading cause of death among U.S. children? | Firearms. |
| How does U.S. child firearm mortality compare internationally? | Far higher than other wealthy countries. |
| How does maternal mortality in the U.S. compare internationally? | It is much higher than in other industrialized nations. |
| What trend exists in U.S. maternal mortality? | It has risen while declining in many other countries. |
| What major inequality exists inside the U.S.? | Large regional and racial disparities in health outcomes and life expectancy. |
| What region has particularly low life expectancy? | Appalachia and parts of the Deep South. |
| How did the U.S. rank overall in Commonwealth Fund rankings? | Last among major wealthy nations. |
| What areas were ranked especially poorly in the U.S.? | Equity Access Health outcomes |
| What healthcare area DOES the U.S. perform well in? | Cancer treatment and biomedical research. |
| Why does the U.S. perform relatively well in cancer care? | Advanced technology, aggressive treatment, and strong research institutions. |
| Does the U.S. have a lot of medical technology? | Yes, including many MRI and CT scanners. |
| Does having more technology automatically improve overall population health? | No. |
| What major point is made about utilization? | High spending is more about prices than using more care. |
| What sociological theme appears throughout the lecture? | Healthcare systems reflect political choices and social inequality. |
| Why is inequality important in U.S. healthcare? | Because access and outcomes vary dramatically by income, race, geography, and insurance status. |
| What example showed extreme healthcare desperation? | A man robbing a bank for $1 to obtain healthcare in prison. |
| What does the lecture suggest about universal healthcare? | Most wealthy countries provide broader coverage with lower costs. |
| What is one criticism of private insurance systems? | Profit incentives can conflict with patient care. |
| Difference between Beveridge and NHI? | Beveridge: government finances AND provides care. NHI: government finances care but providers remain private. |
| Difference between Bismarck and NHI? | Bismarck uses multiple insurers NHI uses one government payer |
| Difference between universal systems and OOP systems? | Universal systems guarantee coverage; OOP systems depend on ability to pay. |
| Why is U.S. healthcare so expensive? | Because of high prices, administrative complexity, fragmented insurance systems, and fee-for-service incentives. |
| Why doesn’t higher U.S. spending produce better outcomes? | Money is often spent inefficiently and unevenly, while social inequality harms population health. |
| What are strengths and weaknesses of the U.S. healthcare system? | Strengths: research, cancer care, advanced technology Weaknesses: cost, inequality, poor access, worse population outcomes |
| What does this lecture reveal about healthcare systems globally? | There are many ways to organize healthcare, and countries make political choices balancing cost, access, equity, and efficiency. |
| What does IVF stand for? | In-vitro fertilization. |
| What are the main steps of IVF? | Egg retrieval, fertilization in a lab, and embryo transfer into the uterus. |
| Who was Louise Brown? | The first IVF baby, born in the UK in 1978. |
| How common is infertility globally? | About 1 in 6 couples struggle to conceive. |
| Why has infertility become a larger social issue? | People are having children later in life. |
| Why is fertility often discussed in relation to women’s age? | Egg quality and quantity decline sharply after the mid-30s. |
| What important point was made about paternal age? | Older paternal age is linked to higher risks of autism and genetic conditions. |
| Is the uterus as age-sensitive as eggs? | No, the uterus is relatively age-robust. |
| How does WHO classify infertility? | As a disease. |
| Why is infertility socially controversial despite being a disease? | Because people can live healthy lives without treating it. |
| What major sociological question does IVF raise? | Whether reproduction should be considered a right deserving public support. |
| How does the U.S. handle IVF coverage? | Coverage is fragmented, state-dependent, and employer-dependent. |
| How does the UK approach IVF? | Universal in theory under the NHS but rationed in practice. |
| How does Germany regulate IVF? | It mainly funds IVF only for married heterosexual couples. |
| What major IVF reform occurred in France in 2021? | France expanded publicly funded IVF access to all women. |
| Why is Spain considered Europe’s fertility hub? | Because of permissive laws and a large private fertility market. |
| What was controversial about Marie & Paul’s case? | They were unmarried and wanted embryo genetic testing (PGT-A). |
| What is PGT-A? | Genetic testing of embryos before implantation. |
| What is SMBC? | Single Mother By Choice. |
| What is ROPA? | Reciprocal IVF where one woman provides eggs and another carries the pregnancy. |
| According to the lecture, what do IVF debates often reflect? | Ideas about what families should look like. |
| What law structures Germany’s IVF policies? | The 1990 Embryo Protection Act. |
| Who qualifies for publicly funded IVF in Germany? | Married heterosexual couples using their own eggs and sperm. |
| What reproductive services are illegal in Germany? | Egg donation and surrogacy. |
| Which groups are excluded from German IVF funding? | Single women, same-sex couples, and some older individuals. |
| Approximately what percentage of Americans have IVF insurance coverage? | About 25%. |
| What is the ERISA loophole? | A loophole allowing self-insured employers to avoid state IVF mandates |
| What is the “infertility shift”? | People taking jobs specifically to obtain fertility benefits. |
| Which companies were mentioned as offering fertility benefits? | Starbucks, Amazon, Walmart, and Tractor Supply. |
| Why is Massachusetts an IVF “outlier”? | It has one of the strongest IVF insurance mandates in the U.S. |
| Despite Massachusetts coverage, who still disproportionately accesses IVF? | White, college-educated, high-income patients. |
| What trend occurred in NHS-funded IVF in the UK? | The percentage of NHS-funded cycles declined over time. |
| What happened after France expanded IVF access in 2021? | Demand for donor sperm quadrupled. |
| Why do many Europeans travel to Spain for fertility care? | Spain has permissive fertility laws and donor availability. |
| What is cross-border reproductive travel? | Traveling abroad for fertility treatments unavailable or restricted at home. |
| How does Spain handle egg donor anonymity? | Donors remain anonymous. |
| How does the U.S. differ from Spain regarding egg donation? | The U.S. allows extensive donor profiling and commercialization. |
| What information can U.S. donor catalogs include? | Photos, SAT scores, essays, hobbies, and medical history. |
| Why are U.S. donor egg cycles so expensive? | Commercialization and agency-based markets raise costs. |
| What are the two major types of egg freezing? | Medical and elective/social egg freezing. |
| What is medical egg freezing? | Freezing eggs before fertility-damaging medical treatment. |
| What is elective/social egg freezing? | Freezing eggs to delay childbearing for non-medical reasons. |
| Why is elective egg freezing controversial? | It raises issues about gender inequality, careers, and delayed family formation. |
| What is Marcia Inhorn’s “mating gap” thesis? | Highly educated women struggle to find similarly educated partners ready for family life. |
| Which companies were mentioned as funding egg freezing? | Meta, Apple, Goldman Sachs, and Starbucks. |
| What is the lecture’s central sociological argument? | Reproductive healthcare policies reflect moral beliefs about family, gender, and citizenship. |
| Why are reproductive technologies politically controversial? | They challenge traditional ideas about parenthood and family. |
| What does universal healthcare NOT automatically guarantee? | Equal reproductive access. |
| How does IVF expose healthcare inequality? | Access depends heavily on wealth, insurance, geography, and social status. |
| What major ethical question concludes the lecture? | Is reproduction a right — and if so, whose right? |
| What are human rights? | Rights inherent to every human being. |
| Why is the sociology of human rights relatively new? | Because most scholarship historically came from law, political science, philosophy, and history. |
| What major event helped launch modern human rights law after WWII? | The Nuremberg Trials (1945). |
| What was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)? | A 1948 UN declaration outlining fundamental human rights. |
| What is the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESR)? | A 1966 treaty recognizing rights including health and social welfare. |
| What is the International Criminal Court (ICC)? | An international court established in 2002 to prosecute serious crimes like genocide and war crimes. |
| What issues do sociologists study regarding human rights? | Social movements Human rights discourse International law State responsibility Global justice |
| Why are human rights tied to social movements? | Because rights are usually won through political and social struggle. |
| Which social movements were specifically mentioned? | Civil rights movement Women’s rights movement |
| How did T.H. Marshall define citizenship? | A status given to full members of a community. |
| What are the three major forms of citizenship rights according to Marshall? | Civil rights Political rights Social rights |
| What are civil rights? | Rights protecting individual freedoms and legal equality. |
| What are political rights? | Rights related to political participation, like voting. |
| What are social rights? | Rights to social welfare protections such as education and healthcare. |
| According to Marshall, how did citizenship rights develop? | Gradually through social and political struggle. |
| What does the “right to health” mean? | The idea that people are entitled to conditions necessary for good health. |
| Is the right to health the same as the right to healthcare? | No, though they are related. |
| How many countries recognize the right to health through the ICESR? | 142 countries. |
| Approximately how many constitutions include health-related provisions? | About 109 constitutions worldwide. |
| What major question does the lecture ask about the U.S.? | Whether Americans truly have a right to health. |
| What major WHO document relates to health rights? | The WHO Constitution (1946). |
| What was the Alma Ata Declaration (1978)? | A declaration promoting primary healthcare and health for all. |
| What international treaty focused on women’s rights and health? | The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). |
| What is the “paradox of empty promises”? | Countries may formally commit to human rights while still violating them. |
| According to Hafner-Burton and Tsutsui, why do “empty promises” still matter? | Because they provide tools for activists and NGOs to pressure governments. |
| Why can constitutional rights sometimes be ineffective? | Because governments may not enforce or fund them. |
| What is universal health coverage (UHC)? | Ensuring everyone can access needed healthcare without financial hardship. |
| What types of healthcare services are included in UHC? | Preventive Curative Rehabilitative Palliative services |
| Why is UHC important globally? | Because healthcare costs can push millions into poverty. |
| Approximately how many people are pushed into poverty annually by healthcare costs? | About 100 million people. |
| Since 2011, how many developing countries requested WHO support for UHC? | More than 70 countries. |
| Why is the global spread of UHC considered surprising? | Because healthcare is expensive, neoliberalism dominated policy, and reforms often lacked mass mobilization. |
| Why is Thailand an important case study? | It successfully expanded universal healthcare despite being a middle-income country. |
| What social problem motivated Thai healthcare reformers? | People becoming impoverished from medical costs. |
| What did Dr. Wichai Chokewiwat describe witnessing as a rural doctor? | Families selling land or even daughters to afford healthcare. |
| What was the Rural Doctors’ Network? | A reform-oriented group of Thai rural doctors advocating for healthcare expansion. |
| What political strategy helped healthcare reform succeed in Thailand? | Embedding healthcare reform into a national political platform. |
| What role did WHO and ILO support play in Thailand? | They provided international support and legitimacy for reform. |
| What happened to financial protection after Thailand’s reforms? | It increased dramatically |
| How did Thailand’s reforms affect poor populations? | Poor people used more inpatient care and infant mortality declined. |
| What major health disparities improved in Thailand? | Infant mortality differences between rich and poor regions. |
| What did Sir Michael Marmot call Thailand’s healthcare program? | “A model for other emerging economies.” |
| What tension exists between the right to health (R2H) and universal coverage? | Individual legal claims can conflict with cost-effective population-wide healthcare planning. |
| What happened in Brazil regarding right-to-health litigation? | Court cases demanding healthcare and medications increased dramatically. |
| Who often requested expensive drugs in Brazil’s court cases? | People using private lawyers. |
| Why did some right-to-health cases become controversial? | They sometimes forced governments to fund extremely expensive drugs. |
| How were pharmaceutical companies implicated in Brazil’s litigation system? | Some compensated lawyers and doctors to push court-ordered drug access. |
| What is the key difference between the right to health and universal coverage? | The right to health is a legal/moral principle, while universal coverage is a practical healthcare program. |
| What is the lecture’s major sociological argument? | Healthcare rights and universal coverage are shaped by politics, institutions, and social struggle. |
| What quote summarizes the lecture’s central theme? | “Access to health care should be viewed as a right and not charity.” — Dr. Sanguan Nitayarumphong |
| What is the central question of this lecture? | How healthcare spending relates to health outcomes. |
| What major finding did Filmer and Pritchett (1999) report? | Public health spending alone has only a small effect on mortality rates. |
| What health outcomes did Filmer and Pritchett study? | Child mortality and infant mortality. |
| According to Filmer and Pritchett, what explains most differences in mortality between countries? | Income per capita Inequality Female education Ethnic fragmentation Religion |
| What percentage of mortality variation did public spending explain? | Less than 1/7 of 1%. |
| According to the lecture, what are more important determinants of health than healthcare spending? | Poverty and income. |
| Why is this finding sociologically important? | It emphasizes the importance of social determinants of health over medical spending alone. |
| What was the Oregon Health Study? | The first randomized controlled study examining Medicaid’s effects in the U.S. |
| What happened to hospital admissions under Medicaid? | Hospital admissions increased by 30%. |
| How did Medicaid affect outpatient care usage? | Outpatient care usage increased by 35%. |
| How did Medicaid affect prescription drug use? | Prescription drug use increased by 15%. |
| Did Medicaid significantly increase ER usage? | No. |
| How did Medicaid affect self-reported health? | People were more likely to report good or excellent health. |
| What preventive care increased under Medicaid? | Cholesterol monitoring Mammograms |
| What mental health effect was observed with Medicaid? | Depression rates declined by about 30%. |
| Did Medicaid significantly improve measured blood pressure or cholesterol? | No statistically significant effects were found. |
| What financial effect did Medicaid have? | It greatly reduced catastrophic medical expenses and medical debt. |
| How did Medicaid affect unpaid medical bills? | Bills sent to collection agencies declined by 25%. |
| What did Finkelstein and McKnight study? | The impact of Medicare in the United States. |
| What major mortality finding did they report? | Medicare initially had no clear effect on elderly mortality. |
| What major financial effect did Medicare have? | It substantially reduced out-of-pocket medical spending. |
| By approximately how much did Medicare reduce out-of-pocket spending for high spenders? | About 40%. |
| What are user fees? | Charges patients must pay at healthcare facilities. |
| What effect do user fees have in developing countries? | They reduce healthcare access for poor populations. |
| Why have many countries reduced or removed user fees? | Research showed fees discourage needed care. |
| What major feature characterized Thailand’s healthcare reform? | Very low or zero user fees. |
| What happened to catastrophic health expenditures in Thailand? | They declined dramatically. |
| What percentage experienced catastrophic health expenditures in Thailand by 2004? | 14.6%, down from 30.1% in 2000. |
| What similar finding was observed in Mexico? | Reduced catastrophic spending but limited direct health effects. |
| What improvements occurred in Thailand’s healthcare system after reform? | Expanded benefits Larger budgets Better hospital coordination Improved data systems |
| What sociological shift occurred in Thailand’s healthcare system? | A shift from a poverty-based safety net to a rights-based system. |
| What problems still remained after Thailand’s reform? | Wait times New forms of stratification Some vulnerable groups excluded |
| What is austerity? | Government policies that reduce public spending during economic crises. |
| What argument do Stuckler and Basu make in Body Economic? | Cutting healthcare and social programs harms public health. |
| According to the lecture, what effect did New Deal spending have on health? | It improved child survival, reduced infectious disease, and lowered suicides. |
| How did Iceland respond differently to economic crisis? | It increased social protection spending instead of imposing harsh austerity. |
| What happened to Iceland’s health outcomes during the crisis? | Health may have improved while the economy recovered. |
| What happened in Greece after healthcare cuts? | HIV infections rose sharply after cuts to needle-exchange programs. |
| What is the lecture’s major takeaway about spending and health? | The relationship is complicated and indirect. |
| Why don’t higher healthcare expenditures automatically improve health? | Because broader social conditions often matter more. |
| What are “social determinants of health”? | Social and economic conditions like income, education, and inequality that shape health outcomes. |
| According to the lecture, what do universal healthcare programs reliably improve? | Financial protection from medical costs. |
| What is less consistently improved by healthcare spending alone? | Direct health outcomes like mortality. |
| Why are cuts to healthcare programs dangerous during crises? | Because they can worsen disease, inequality, and mortality. |
| What quote summarizes the sociology perspective from the lecture? | “Sociology is all about how people don’t have any choices to make.” — John Duesenberry |
| What broader lesson ties together the entire SOC 215 course? | Health is deeply shaped by social structures, inequality, institutions, and policy—not just biology or medicine. |
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sarahebradley06