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CC - PRELIM

L3 - LEC

QuestionAnswer
SOURCES OF ENERGY 1. Carbohydrates: primary source 2. Lipids 3. Proteins
CARBOHYDRATES (CHO) -Organic compounds composed of: 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen
CHO; Major constituents of the PHYSIOLOGIC SYSTEM 1. Brain 2. Erythrocyte 3. Retinal cells
most common non-reducing sugar SUCROSE
Carbs are stored in the cells of the? LIVER & MUSCLES
only cells capable of breaking down glycogen to glucose because they can produceglucose-6-phosphatase LIVER CELLS
not capable of breaking down glycogen to glucose and cannot produce glucose-6-phosphatase MUSCLE CELLS
ALDOSE location terminAL carbonyl group
KETONES location Middle carbonyl group
Simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form Monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic linkage Disaccharides
Linkage of many monosaccharide units Polysaccharides
Storage form of glucose in the body glycogen
glucose levels rise at? after 30mins
glucose levels peak at? after 1hour
glucose levels go back to normal at? after 2hours
GLUCOSE METABOLIC PATHWAY 1. Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway 2. Hexose-Monophosphate Shunt
Provides energy for the body in the form of ATP Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway
Does not directly convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate Hexose-Monophosphate Shunt
Production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ribose-5-phosphate Hexose-Monophosphate Shunt
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate/lactate to produce energy Glycolysis
Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non-carbohydrate sources Gluconeogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy Glycogenolysis
Glucose to glycogen for storage Glycogenesis
Decomposition of fat Lipolysis
Lipolysis Lipogenesis
HORMONES REGULATING GLUCOSE METABOLISM 1. Insulin 2. Glucagon 3. Somatostatin 4. Cortisol 5. Catecholamines 6. Thyroid Hormones 7. GH 8. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Only hormone that decreases glucose Insulin
immediate precursor of insulin; cleaved into insulin and c-peptide Proinsulin
test that is based on the presence of proinsulin that helps in the differential diagnosis of type 1 from type 2 DM and the diagnosis of insulinomas C-Peptide
Binds to receptors to facilitate entry of glucose to cells ○ Produced by the β cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas Insulin
Produced by the α cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas Glucagon
Primary hormone increasing glucose levels Glucagon
Glucagon promotes 1. Glycogenolysis 2. Gluconeogenesis
Insulin promotes 1. Glycolysis 2. Glycogenesis 3. Lipogenesis
Produced by the δ cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas ○ Not that significant in glucose metabolism but significant in growth Somatostatin
Somatostatin inhibits 1. Pancreatic hormone release of insulin and glucagon 2. Gastric acid secretion
Produced by the ZONA fasciculata of the adrenal cortex Cortisol
Cortisol promotes 1. Hepatic gluconeogenesis 2. Lipolysis
Produced by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla ○ Released in times of stress (ex: epinephrin) Catecholamines
Thyroid Hormones ○ Produced by thyroid gland
Thyroid Hormones promotes 1. Glycogenolysis 2. Intestinal absorption of glucose
GH is produced by the ? anterior pituitary gland
GH promotes 1. Glycogenolysis 2. Lipolysis
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ○ Produced by the ? anterior pituitary gland
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone promotes 1. Glycogenolysis 2. Gluconeogenesis
Low blood glucose levels HYPOGLYCEMIA
HYPOGLYCEMIA causes 1. Insulinoma 2. Diabetic shock
due to hepatic disorders, endocrine disorders, neoplasms, insulinoma, septicemia, and alcohol-induced hypoglycemia Fasting hypoglycemia
due to overfasting Reactive hypoglycemia
Diagnostic criteria (Whipple’s Triad) of HYPOGLYCEMIA: -Symptoms present - Low blood glucose - Relief of symptoms when glucose is raised to normal
High blood glucose levels HYPERGLYCEMIA
HYPERGLYCEMIA fbs? >126 mg/dL
Created by: twisa_heart
 

 



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