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Blood
\Blood and Phlebotomy & Related Tests
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The primary goal for blood collection is to | assist the provider in diagnosing disease, monitoring a pts condition , treatment or medications level |
| Blood specimens are collected by | venipuncture or capillary puncture |
| The MA's role is to provide pts care and support throughout the procedures while properly | collecting , labeling , processing , and storing or shipping the blood specimens |
| Phlebotomy procedures requires knowledge of | basic anatomy and physiology, phlebotomy equipment , aseptic technique and proper procedures such as verifying pt identity or allergies and pretest preparations |
| Avoid areas with | edema and avoid collecting on the same side as a mastectomy or collecting from an area with a hematoma |
| Evacuated tube collection system (EST) | Involves a doubled-ended hollow needle that attaches to an adapter .Tubes are advanced into the adapter and are pushed into the inferior needle once the its secured in the t's veins allowing the require amount of blood drawn into tube |
| Evacuated tube collection system (EST) - tube | tube is colored matched to the additive in each tube and the correct tube must used for blood test collected |
| Evacuated tube collection system (EST) - Tray | Gloves, Tourniquet , Alcohol pads, ETS needle , Disposable adaptor , Vacuum tubes, Gauze pads , Bandage material , computer - generated labels (unattached) |
| Light blue | coagulation studies |
| Red | serum chemistry studies , blood donor screening or infectious disease testing |
| Gold or tiger op (red -grey) | serum chemistry studies , blood donor screening or infectious disease testing |
| Green | Plasma determinations in chemistry |
| Lavender | Whole blood hematology determinations , routine immunohematology testing and blood donor screening |
| Gray | Glucose testing (GTT) |
| Venipuncture insert needle with the level of | 15 to 30 degree |
| Beginning Steps for Syringe collection and blood transfer | check EHR, assemble blood tray, lab coat, greet pt . seat pt . verify pt identity , explain the procedures , determine if the pt has properly prepared |
| Prepare site for syringe collection | Hand hygiene and PPE, engage locking mechanism in chair. Ask arm preference , apply tourniquet, palpate veins and remove tourniquet |
| Blood | is a complex and dynamic tissue composed of a diverse array of cells that are suspended within a fluid matrix known as plasma. |
| The primary function of blood is to | circulate through the cardiovascular system, flowing through the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries, while delivering vital nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, and oxygen to the tissues of the body |
| blood plays a crucial role in the elimination | of waste products and carbon dioxide, which are transported to the excretory organs for elimination. |
| Blood is a multifaceted substance that acts as a | chemical, fluid, and temperature regulator, playing an essential role in maintaining homeostasis within the body. |
| Blood is a crucial component of the human body, comprising approximately | 7% to 10% of an adult's body weight. |
| Whole blood, | obtained from donors, contains various blood components that play distinct roles in maintaining homeostasis within the body. These components include red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets, clotting factors, and immunoglobulins. |
| whole blood is typically used only in | critical situations or when other blood components are not available. |
| Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are responsible for | transporting oxygen to body tissues via the protein hemoglobin. Produced in the bone marrow, these cells live for approximately 120 days and are eventually broken down by the spleen. |
| By removing the plasma portion of donated blood | red cells can be obtained to increase hematocrit and hemoglobin levels without significantly increasing blood volume. |
| Plasma, | the liquid portion of blood, constitutes approximately 55% of total blood volume and contains 92% water and 7% plasma proteins. |
| plasma proteins include | albumin, fibrinogen, globulins, and other clotting factors |
| In addition to maintaining blood pressure and providing essential proteins, plasma acts as a | medium for cellular exchange of vital minerals and electrolytes and aids in the elimination of cellular waste products. |
| Fresh frozen plasma, obtained by | freezing whole blood within hours after donation, is used in medical situations where clotting factors are necessary. |
| Plasma | is a valuable source of various blood components, including albumin, immune globulin, platelets, and granulocytes, that are essential for maintaining homeostasis and treating medical conditions. |
| Albumin, | a protein that plays a crucial role in maintaining blood volume and pressure, is prepared in 5% or 25% solutions using fractionated albumin from multiple donors. |
| Immune globulin | a concentrated solution of the antibody IgG, is obtained from large pools of plasma and is used to replace inadequate amounts of IgG in patients at risk for recurrent bacterial infections. |
| IVIG, the intravenous form of immune globulin, remains viable | even after exposure to high heat, making it safe for use |
| Platelets | a crucial component in the clotting process, are obtained from plasma by centrifugation, but typically require several units of whole blood to be effective. |
| apheresis or plateletpheresis can be used to | separate a donor's blood components, extracting platelets while returning red cells and plasma to the donor's circulation. |
| Granulocytes | a type of WBC, are prepared using apheresis collection or centrifugation of whole blood and are used to treat unresponsive infections in pts with low granulocyte counts or as supportive therapy for pts undergoing chemo for certain types of leukemia |
| Infusion of granulocytes should be carried out | over 45 to 60 minutes to ensure optimal efficacy. |
| realm of hematology, an individual's blood type is determined by specific | surface markers present on their red blood cells. |
| surface markers present on their red blood cells. tHESE MARKERS INCLUDE | A, B, AB, or O, and the Rh factor, a protein located on the surface of the cells. One's blood type is denoted by the letter of their blood group, along with the presence or absence of the Rh protein. |
| an individual may have blood type | O+, O−, A+, A−, B+, B−, AB+, or AB− |
| Blood typing is usually conducted during | an individual's first prenatal visit and again upon admission to a hospital for childbirth, if they plan to deliver at the hospital |
| For blood transfusion purposes, the ______ system is of paramount importance. | ABO |
| ABO system - This system consists of the four blood types - A, B, O, and AB - which are characterized by | the presence or absence of the A and B antigens. |
| Type A blood has the | A antigen |
| Type B has the | B antigen |
| Type AB has | Both A&B antigen |
| Type O has | neither A & B antigen |
| Compatibility between donor and recipient blood types is determined by the presence or absence of | A and B antigens and antibodies in the recipient's blood type. |
| emergency situations, individuals can receive | red blood cells of type O regardless of their own blood type. |
| Those with blood type AB can accept red blood cells of any | ABO type. |
| Individuals with type O blood are commonly referred to as | universal donors. |
| Individuals with type AB blood are known as | universal recipients. |
| individuals who donate AB plasma possess the ability to contribute to individuals of | all blood types. |
| Blood donation | is a voluntary act in which an individual undergoes a blood-drawing procedure to supply blood for transfusion to other patients. Prior to usage, donated blood undergoes meticulous screening and testing procedures to identify potential diseases. |
| Blood typing, classified into | A, B, AB, and O, is also conducted to determine the blood group of the donor. |
| Aside from the A and B antigens, a third antigen called the | Rh factor is also present in blood, and it can either be present + or absent - |
| Rh-negative blood is administered to | Rh-negative patients, |
| Rh-positive blood or Rh-negative blood may be given to | Rh-positive patients |
| Blood types play a crucial role in | blood transfusions. |
| When blood types are not compatible, red blood cells may | agglutinate and form clots, leading to vascular obstruction and potential mortality. |
| In cases where different blood types are mixed, there is a high likelihood that the blood cells will | clump together in the blood vessels, posing a potentially fatal risk. |
| prior to blood transfusions, it is critical to | match blood types to ensure compatibility. |
| In emergency situations, type __blood is often administered as it is deemed the most widely accepted blood type. However, despite this approach, there still remains a potential risk of adverse reactions. | O |
| Blood Group - A | Has only A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma) |
| Blood Group - B | Has only B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma) |
| Blood Group - AB | Has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma) |
| Blood Group - O | Has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma) |
| Blood Group - A + | Donate Blood To - A+ AB+ Receive Blood From - A+ A- O+ O- |
| Blood Group - O+ | Donate Blood To - O+ A+ B+ AB+ Receive Blood From - O+ O- |
| Blood Group - B+ | Donate Blood To - B+ AB+ Receive Blood From - B+ B- O+ O- |
| Blood Group - AB+ | Donate Blood To - AB+ Receive Blood From - Everyone |
| Blood Group - A - | Donate Blood To - A+ A- AB+ AB- Receive Blood From - A- O- |
| Blood Group - O- | Donate Blood To - Everyone Receive Blood From - O- |
| Blood Group - B- | Donate Blood To- B+ B- AB+ AB- Receive Blood From - B- O- |
| Blood Group - AB- | Donate Blood To - AB+ AB- Receive Blood From - AB- A- B- O- |
| Why Do We Collect Blood Specimen? | Blood serves as a vital transporter of o2, CO2 nutrients, waste products, and hormones throughout the human body. A range of blood tests are commonly ordered as a component of a comprehensive physical examination to assess an individual's overall health. |
| Results from individual tests provide information that can aid in the | identification and diagnosis of specific medical conditions and diseases. |
| The initial section of a blood panel is referred to as the | complete blood count (CBC), |
| The Complete Blood Count (CBC) | which measures the levels of an individual's white blood cells (WBCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) |
| RBCs are the most prevalent type of | blood cell, and their primary function is to transport oxygen throughout the body. |
| The CBC comprises a series of laboratory tests that evaluate | diseases that affect red blood cells. |
| Anemia | a condition characterized by lower-than-normal levels of red blood cells, is one of the conditions diagnosed through CBC. |
| polycythemia | which refers to higher-than-normal red blood cell levels, is another condition that CBC can identify. |
| The typical range for a healthy WBC count is between | 4.8 to 10.8 thousand cells per microliter (uL) of blood. |
| The process of counting the number of white blood cells in a blood sample is known as a | White Blood Cell Count (WBC) |
| There are five different types of white blood cells: | ❖ Neutrophils ❖ Lymphocytes ❖ Monocytes ❖ Eosinophils ❖ Basophils |
| Normal Ranges for a Differential Blood Count: Neutrophils | 3150 to 6200/uL |
| Normal Ranges for a Differential Blood Count: Lymphocytes | 1500 to 3000/uL |
| Normal Ranges for a Differential Blood Count: Monocytes | 300 to 500/uL |
| Normal Ranges for a Differential Blood Count: Eosinophils | 50 to 250/uL |
| Normal Ranges for a Differential Blood Count: Basophils | 15 to 50/uL |
| Elevated neutrophil count may signify the presence of an | infection, specific types of cancer, arthritis, or physical stress, including surgery, trauma, or a heart attack. |
| Decreased lymphocyte count can be | symptomatic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). |
| Heightened monocyte count may indicate | infection, frequently caused by bacteria. |
| Increased eosinophil count can suggest | allergies, certain skin disorders, or parasitic infections. |
| Presence of immature white blood cells of any type can indicate | a bacterial infection or leukemia. |
| When a doctor evaluates the number of red blood cells (RBC), they are primarily interested in identifying two conditions: | 1. Anemia, which is characterized by a low RBC count 2. Polycythemia, which is characterized by a high RBC count. |
| It is crucial to note that anemia is not a disorder in itself but rather a | symptom of an underlying medical condition |
| A diminished RBC count may signal | bone marrow failure, leukemia, or bleeding, whether internal or external, warranting a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional. |
| To assess the number of red blood cells (RBCs), healthcare professionals typically rely on three distinct laboratory tests: | 1. RBC count 2. Hematocrit (HCT) 3. Hemoglobin (Hg) |
| The hemoglobin test is a laboratory assay that quantifies the | amount of hemoglobin present in the red blood cells (RBCs) and is expressed as grams per deciliter (g/dL) or grams per liter (g/L) of blood. |
| Hemoglobin is a protein that constitutes a significant component | of the RBC and imparts the characteristic red color to these cells. |
| The primary function of hemoglobin is to | transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs. |
| Hemoglobin plays a vital role in collecting carbon dioxide waste from | these tissues and returning it to the lungs for elimination via exhalation. |
| hemoglobin levels provide valuable information about the | oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and can aid in diagnosing a variety of medical conditions |
| Hemoglobin - What it is | Oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells |
| Hemoglobin -Normal results | Male: 13.8 - 17.2 g/dL Female: 12.1 - 15.1 g/dL |
| Hemoglobin - What a low number may mean | Iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency; bone marrow damage |
| Hemoglobin - What a high number may mean | Dehydration, renal problems, pulmonary or congenital heart disease |
| The normal ranges for hemoglobin depend on the age and, beginning in adolescence, the sex of the person. The normal ranges are: | Newborns: 17-22 gm/dl (dL, a tenth of a liter) One (1)wk age: 15-20 gm/dl One (1)m age: 11-15 gm/dl Children: 11-13 gm/dl Adult m: 14-18 gm/dl Adult women: 12-16 gm/dl Men after middle age: 12.4-14.9 gm/dl Women after middle age: 11.7-13.8 gm/dl |
| Hematocrit (HCT) is a laboratory test that | evaluates the proportion of red blood cells (RBCs) present in the blood and is expressed as a percentage. |
| RBCs play a vital role in | delivering oxygen to the cells in the body, which is essential for energy production. |
| In the hematocrit test: | a small blood sample from the pt's fingertip. narrow capillary tube is then used to draw up a drop of blood,then placed into a centrifuge spun at a high speed. This process separates the cells &cell fragments from the liquid portion of the blood sample. |
| Low hematocrit value can indicate a range of conditions | including various types of anemia, blood loss, bone marrow failure, hemolysis related to transfusion reaction, and leukemia, nutritional deficiencies, over-hydration, and rheumatoid arthritis. |
| High hematocrit value can be indicative of | dehydration, burns, diarrhea, eclampsia, erythrocytosis, polycythemia vera, and shock |
| It is important to note that the hematocrit test is a valuable diagnostic tool used to assess and monitor | blood-related conditions. |
| HCT levels can be affected by various factors, | including changes in the number of RBCs and alterations in other blood components. |
| The HCT test measures the relative amount | of RBCs in the blood, which means changes in the percentage of other components such as plasma or white blood cells (WBCs) can also impact the HCT result, even if the RBC count remains normal. |
| HCT values can provide valuable information about the status of the | blood and overall health |
| Hematocrit (HCT) - What it is | The percentage of red blood cells in the blood |
| Hematocrit (HCT) - Normal Results | Male: 40.7% - 50.3% Female: 36.1% - 44.3% |
| Hematocrit (HCT) - What a low number may mean | Iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency; bone marrow damage |
| Hematocrit (HCT) - What a high number may mean | Dehydration, renal problems, pulmonary or congenital heart disease |
| Laboratory reference values provide healthcare providers with | important information for screening and identifying potential disorders and diseases. Some of the more common conditions include excessive iron, polycythemia, cancer, HIV/AIDS, and diabetes. |
| Excessive iron | can cause serious organ and tissue damage, and phlebotomy is used to lower iron levels by removing iron-rich blood cells from the body. |
| Cancer | is a disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue. During blood sample collection, the laboratory counts the number of red and white blood cells to ensure that the patient is effectively fighting the cancer. |
| Cancer In patients undergoing chemotherapy, white blood cell count is of | particular concern, as the chemicals used in chemotherapy kill fast-growing cells, including white blood cells. |
| HIV/AIDS | I a disease in which the body's cellular immunity is severely compromised, leading to a lowered resistance to infection and malignancy. Blood sample collection includes a count of white blood cells to evaluate the patient's immune function. |
| Diabetes is categorized | as Type 1 or Type 2. |
| Type 1 Diabetes | the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. |
| Type 2 Diabetes | the body is unable to produce enough insulin to allow glucose to enter the body's cells. An A1C test is administered to understand the patient's blood sugar levels and ensure that they are able to maintain blood sugar at a safe level. |
| Coagulation tests are laboratory tests that are ordered by physicians to evaluate | the blood's ability to clot. These tests are used to identify potential bleeding problems prior to surgical procedures or to monitor therapeutic drug levels in pts receiving anticoagulant meds such as heparin or warfarin. |
| The two commonly performed coagulation tests are: | Prothrombin time (PT) Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) |
| Blood chemistry analysis involves the examination of | several dozen chemicals present in human blood. |
| Blood chemistry analysis provides information on various physiological functions, such as | liver and kidney function, electrolyte balance, and blood sugar levels. |
| The hemoglobin A1C (HgbA1c) test is used to monitor the | health of diabetic patients by measuring the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin with glucose groups attached) in the blood. |
| blood glucose levels are high, glucose molecules bind with | hemoglobin to form HgbA1c, which remains in the red blood cells (RBCs) for the RBC's lifespan of 90 to 120 days. As a result, the test results provide a 2 to 3 month average blood sugar level. |
| Fluctuations in blood sugar can cause complications such as | eye disease, stroke, renal failure, and cardiovascular disease. |
| HgbA1c test provides physicians with an overall picture of the patient's | compliance and the effectiveness of their diabetes treatment. HgbA1c testing can be performed in various settings, such as an outside reference laboratory, an office laboratory, or at home with a home test. |
| HgbA1c testing should be done in conjunction with routine | blood glucose monitoring, as daily monitoring of blood glucose helps patients with insulin therapy and diet maintenance. |
| Patients should have their HgbA1c levels checked | two to four times per year, with a target range of less than 7%. |
| Patients whose HgbA1c levels exceed 8% are at greater risk of | diabetes-associated complications. |
| Glucose (Fasting) - ❖ What it is | Sugar in the blood |
| Glucose (Fasting) - Normal Results | 70 - 99 mg/dl |
| Glucose (Fasting) - What a low number may mean | Hypoglycemia, liver disease, adrenal insufficiency, excess insulin |
| Glucose (Fasting) - What a high number may mean | Hyperglycemia, certain types of diabetes, prediabetes, pancreatitis, hyperthyroidism |
| The laboratory report is an important document that serves as | a communication tool between healthcare providers and laboratories. It contains essential information about the laboratory testing process and the results obtained. |
| The laboratory report form typically includes important information such as the: | lab's name,address,phone# provider's name identification number pt's name, age, gender identification# assigned by the lab date the specimen was received date the results were reported specific tests performed results normal reference ranges |
| It is the responsibility of the medical assistant to receive the laboratory report and | , review the results, and check for any abnormal values. The report form is then attached to the patient's chart and delivered to the provider for review. |
| The laboratory typically flags abnormal results by including an | "H" for high or an "L" for low beside the results. |
| In laboratory testing, proper handling of specimens is of utmost importance to ensure | the accuracy and reliability of results. Patients should be well-informed about the collection process to avoid any mistakes or errors during specimen collection. |
| Laboratory processing involves the | collection and handling of specimens for testing, which may take place either in-office or at outside facilities. While some tests can be performed in-office, others require specimens to be sent to external laboratories |
| Typically, in-office tests do not require a laboratory requisition form. Instead, healthcare providers | document the request in the patient's chart, along with the date and time of specimen collection |
| specimens sent to outside labs must be | collected, processed, and documented properly to ensure reliable and accurate results. In addition to the patient's chart, proper documentation includes logging the specimen details in a dedicated specimen log. |
| A laboratory requisition form | is a standardized document provided by a contracted laboratory, which lists the most commonly requested tests and profiles. |
| A laboratory requisition form the form contains sections for documenting relevant | patient data, including the name and address of the healthcare provider who ordered the tests, and all pertinent patient information. |
| Before drawing blood for testing, healthcare providers must first review | the written testing request and gather the necessary equipment and supplies. |
| The initial step is to drawing blood for testing | is to carefully examine the blood-collection order to identify the specific tests that need to be performed. |
| laboratory testing.-The following information must be provided in detail:1. Provider information: | The name, address, phone #, and lab account number of the ordering provider must be provided. This info is necessary for reporting results or clarifying test requests. Some labs offer preprinted forms that already include the provider's information. |
| laboratory testing.-The following information must be provided in detail: 2 Patient Information | The name, address, telephone number, age, date of birth, and gender of the patient must be recorded. Some test results can be influenced by age and gender. |
| laboratory testing.-The following information must be provided in detail: 3. Specimen source | The source of the specimen is significant to the laboratory, especially when the origin cannot be visually determined. For instance, a swab containing a specimen for a throat culture would be processed differently than a wound specimen. |
| laboratory testing.-The following information must be provided in detail: 4. Date and time of collection: | date/ time of collection must be doc, as some lab tests need to be performed within a specific time following collection, while others require a certain amount of time to elapse. Fasting also be necessary for certain types of testing to ensure accuracy. |
| laboratory testing.-The following information must be provided in detail : 5 Requested tests: | Each test or profile requested must be checked or marked with an “X” beside the test name and number. If any tests are not listed, additional space is provided to fill in the test ordered. |
| laboratory testing.-The following information must be provided in detail: 6. Patient medications: | The lab needs to know about the patient's medications, as certain medications can impact test results. |
| laboratory testing.-The following information must be provided in detail: 7. Clinical diagnosis: | Tech performing the lab tests must be informed of pt's clinical diagnosis.This info can alert lab 2 the need 4 further testing or whether a specific pathogen or abnormal analyte level needs identified. Diagnostic/procedural codes are required for billing |
| laboratory testing.-The following information must be provided in detail: 8. Results requested: | f the provider requires immediate results (stat or ASAP), the time requested for the results must be clearly indicated. |
| Capillary blood sampling is a commonly used method for point-of-care testing, particularly for | blood glucose determinations, and has recently been utilized for rapid testing to determine bleeding times and HIV status. |
| Capillary blood sampling procedure involves using a | small lancet or poking device to puncture the skin and obtain a single drop of blood. The fingers are the most common site for capillary sampling, but any exposed skin area can be used. alternative sites such as the palms, forearms, or earlobes. |
| selecting a puncture site for capillary blood sampling, it is important to ensure that the chosen site is | vascular. |
| Poor circulation may result in inadequate blood supply, making it difficult | to obtain an appropriate blood sample. |
| To improve perfusion prior to the puncture, patients can be advised to | warm their hands by rubbing them together or dangling them. |
| t is not recommended to milk the puncture site to obtain a larger sample, as this may result in | the lysis of blood cells and the alteration of test results. |
| When performing a finger stick, it is advisable to place the lancet on the side of the finger, avoiding | the central tip, which contains a higher density of nerve endings. |
| Capillary Blood Collection After obtaining the sample | apply tissue or a cotton ball at the site and instruct the patient to apply pressure. Most finger stick sites do not require bandaging, as they do not continue to bleed. |
| Capillary Blood Collection it is important to | document the method of sample collection, patient's tolerance, and any relevant physical findings in the patient's medical record. |
| The process of capillary blood collection is a critical aspect of clinical laboratory analysis that requires | careful attention to detail. To ensure accurate and reliable test results, several steps must be followed in a systematic manner. |
| First step is to meticulously clean the skin at the | selected site to avoid any potential contamination that may compromise the test outcomes. This is because previous contact of the skin with any foreign substance can significantly impact the results of the analysis. |
| Facility-approved antiseptic or soap and water should be used to | cleanse the skin. This is essential to eliminate any microorganisms that may be present on the skin surface that could introduce unwanted variables into the sample. |
| It is important to note that alcohol should not be used during the cleaning process as it can | harden the skin surface, which can be problematic in situations where repeated finger sticks are necessary. This can result in discomfort for the patient and may interfere with the collection of an adequate blood sample. |
| adherence to these meticulous steps for capillary blood collection is crucial to ensure | the accuracy and reliability of the laboratory analysis results. |
| Blood cultures are a crucial diagnostic tool utilized to | detect the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. |
| Blood cultures ensuring accurate test results requires the | implementation of proper collection techniques, particularly in minimizing contamination from skin organisms. |
| Skin bacteria such as | staphylococci and streptococci can result in false-positive test results, emphasizing the importance of maintaining aseptic conditions throughout the procedure |
| When collecting a blood culture specimen, the following steps should be strictly followed: 1-3 | Identify an appropriate site for venipuncture Cleanse the skin thoroughly with isopropyl alcohol Cleanse the skin again, this time with an iodine or chlorhexidine solution applied in an outward, circular pattern, from the inside to the outside |
| When collecting a blood culture specimen, the following steps should be strictly followed: 4-7 | Allow the iodine solution to dry naturally Wipe the plastic top of the collection bottle with a sterile alcohol pad and let it air-dry Collect the blood from the selected site Properly label the specimen |
| Blood Cultures recommended to obtain two separate blood specimens, each placed | into a collection bottle designed for aerobic and anaerobic cultures. |
| the blood culture should always be collected first, thereby | minimizing the risk of contamination from additives in other tubes. |
| Blood glucose monitoring is an integral component of | managing diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose metabolism. |
| Blood glucose monitoring | involves the utilization of a glucometer or blood sugar meter with small test strips to quantify glucose levels in the blood sample. |
| Blood glucose monitoring The accuracy and reliability of these systems are dependent on | proper calibration, storage of supplies, and matching of lot numbers to guarantee optimal performance. Inadequate storage of glucose test strips can cause inaccurate results, either too high or too low, which can compromise patient care. |
| Blood glucose monitoring is a fundamental tool for people | with diabetes to manage their condition effectively. |
| Blood glucose monitoring involves the utilization of | blood glucose meters or glucometers to measure blood glucose concentrations in a drop of blood placed on a test strip. |
| The accuracy of blood glucose meters is crucial for | proper diabetes management, and thus, the selection of an appropriate device and proper calibration is essential. |
| Venipuncture, also known as phlebotomy, is a | medical procedure that involves piercing a vein with a needle to obtain a blood sample. |
| Venipuncture / Phlebotomy method is the most prevalent approach to | collect blood samples in clinical practice. |
| Venipuncture / Phlebotomy steps | Proper pt identification, selection of appropriate vein, use of sterile equipment, accurate labeling of the sample are all critical aspects of phlebotomy that must be executed to ensure the safety and well-being of the pt and the accuracy of the sample. |
| blood collection tools include | gloves .alcohol antiseptic pads, multi-sample needles, a multi-sample needle holder, a tourniquet, gauze pads, cotton balls, bandages, anticoagulants, and a sharps biohazard container. |
| Collecting Tubes -the specimens must immediately be mixed with the appropriate additives in the | correct collection tubes before they are transported to the laboratory for testing |
| Additives include | anticoagulants, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and other materials that help preserve or process a specimen for particular types of testing. |
| Collecting Tubes - The tube stoppers are different colors, | each color identifying the type of additives (if any) a collection tube contains. |
| Special color-coded stoppers on collection tubes indicate which | additives are present and, therefore, which types of laboratory tests may be performed on each blood specimen. |
| Specimen collection tubes must be labeled with all required | information immediately after collection. |
| You can use butterfly needles for | pediatric patients or for patients who have an aversion to needles as they are smaller size and typically cause less pain |
| the smaller size needle is inappropriate for some types of phlebotomy as | they can lyse blood cells. |
| Needles are available with | two size variables, length (in inches) and gauge. |
| The gauge indicates | how wide the bore or inside of the needle is. |
| The larger the gauge, the | smaller the opening of the needle is. For example, an 18-gauge needle is considerably larger than a 22-gauge needle. |
| The color of the rubber tip of each collection tube indicates | which types of blood tests can be performed. |
| Vials for blood cultures are | larger in size and have more specific instructions for placing and transporting specimens. |
| Once you have completed the blood sampling, remove the needle and place a bandage over the site. you ? | Document the method of sample collection, the patient’s tolerance, and any pertinent physical findings in the patient’s medical record |
| Proper patient positioning will help to ensure a successful venipuncture. Patients should be | lying down or seated during blood collection. Never draw blood from a patient who is standing or seated on a high stool. |
| The positioning of the patient will depend on the vein selected. Blood is usually drawn from one of several veins located in the | antecubital space of the arm, which is the area located on the inside of the arm at the bend of the elbow. |
| antecubital space of the arm | which is the area located on the inside of the arm at the bend of the elbow. |
| Patients are usually seated for blood draws unless there is a risk of the patient fainting. The arm should be | supported on the arm of a chair, the exam table, or a table/countertop and should extend downward in a straight line. By placing the arm in a downward position, the veins will enlarge and become more prominent. |
| The downward position also helps the blood tubes to fill from the | bottom up and helps prevent reflux. While reflux is uncommon, it can occur if blood flows back into the patient’s vein from the vacuum tube. If the tube contains an additive, especially EDTA, the patient could have an adverse reaction. |
| The most common site for venipuncture is the | antecubital space of the arm. This area is located where the upper arm and the forearm meet. |
| Three prominent veins are located in this area: the | median cubital, cephalic, and basilic veins. |
| An examination of the skin should be performed before selecting the actual vein. Avoid areas with | extensive scarring or burns when selecting a site. Blood should not be collected from an edematous region (the area that is swollen), an area where a hematoma (blood clot) is located, or an area on the skin that appears infected. |
| Venipuncture should not be performed on the same side where a | a mastectomy was performed. This may cause lymphocytosis, a condition that obstructs the normal flow of lymph due to the removal of lymph nodes from the axillary region. |
| Steps in Performing Venipuncture / Phlebotomy The first step in selecting a vein is to apply a | tourniquet 3 to 4 inches above the venipuncture site. It should be tight enough to slow the flow in the veins but not so tight that it stops the blood flow in the arteries. The tourniquet not painful. Never leave the tourniquet longer than one min |
| Steps in Performing Venipuncture / Phlebotomy - Place a tourniquet | above the selected site to locate a vein. (Veins protrude when below the tourniquet because they are the flow system that returns blood to the heart.) |
| Steps in Performing Venipuncture / Phlebotomy -You might want to ask the patient to grasp a ball or pump | the hand below the tourniquet to help you find a vein. It can also help to stroke or gently rub the potential site along arm from the distal area to the proximal area to dilate the vein, but avoid vigorous rubbing due to the potential for injury |
| Steps in Performing Venipuncture / Phlebotomy - Remove the tourniquet | once you identify the site you’ll use, then cleanse the skin with the facility-approved antiseptic and allow it to dry completely. |
| Complications may arise as a result of venipuncture such as: | hematoma prolonged bleeding from the puncture site infection, nerve damage reflux vein damage collapsed vein |
| Hematoma is one of the most common complications resulting from venipuncture. It is a | swelling or bruising resulting from an accumulation of blood at the puncture site. This accumulation of blood is usually caused by leakage from the vessel that was punctured. |
| Hematoma Prevention Tips A hematoma occurs when blood leaks into the surrounding tissue due to vessel damage or improper technique | Avoid Probing-If u miss the vein, do not probe/ dig with the needle. Withdraw and attempt again at a different site. Failed Venipuncture- numerous reasons for IT. By being aware of possible errors and taking steps to correct them |
| The most common site for venipuncture | is the antecubital space of the arm. This area is located where the upper arm and the forearm meet |
| This area is located where the upper arm and the forearm meet. Three prominent veins are located in this area: | the median cubital, cephalic, and basilic veins. |
| An examination of the skin should be performed before selecting the actual vein. Avoid areas with | extensive scarring or burns when selecting a site. No swellingor blood clot |
| Venipuncture should not be performed on the same side where a mastectomy was performed.This may cause | lymphocytosis, a condition that obstructs the normal flow of lymph due to the removal of lymph nodes from the axillary region. |
| Complications may arise as a result of venipuncture such as: | hematoma prolonged bleeding from the puncture site infection, nerve damage reflux vein damage collapsed veine |
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CATCCMA