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Europe Exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Yalta Conference | A 1945 meeting between Allied leaders to decide how Europe would be reorganized after WWII. It resulted in agreements about dividing Germany and influenced the start of Cold War tensions. |
| Potsdam Conference | A later 1945 meeting that finalized occupation plans for Germany and addressed postwar order. Growing distrust between the U.S. and USSR became more evident here. |
| Bretton Woods Accords | Established a new global financial system after WWII. It created institutions like the IMF and World Bank to stabilize economies. |
| Beveridge Report | A British report proposing a comprehensive welfare state. It aimed to eliminate poverty and improve social security after the war. |
| Keynesian economics | An economic theory advocating government spending to manage demand and prevent recessions. It became the dominant model in postwar Western economies. |
| Iron Curtain | A term describing the division between Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe. It symbolized political and ideological separation during the Cold War. |
| Containment | A U.S. policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism. It guided American foreign policy throughout the Cold War. |
| Charles de Gaulle | Leader of Free France during WWII who resisted Nazi occupation. He later became president and shaped modern French politics. |
| Wartime resistance | Organized efforts by civilians to oppose occupying forces during WWII. These groups used sabotage, intelligence gathering, and guerrilla tactics. |
| Wartime collaboration | Cooperation with occupying powers, often for survival or ideological reasons. Collaborators were frequently punished after the war. |
| L’Épuration légale | The official, legal process of punishing collaborators in postwar France. It involved trials and formal justice procedures. |
| L’Épuration sauvage | Informal and often violent revenge against suspected collaborators. It occurred immediately after liberation and lacked legal oversight. |
| de-Nazification | Allied effort to remove Nazi ideology and personnel from German society. It included trials, purges, and reeducation programs. |
| Nuremberg Trials | International trials of top Nazi leaders after WWII. They established precedents for prosecuting crimes against humanity. |
| La tondue | French women accused of collaborating were publicly humiliated by having their heads shaved. This symbolized punishment for alleged relationships with German soldiers. |
| European Coal and Steel Community | A 1951 organization that pooled coal and steel production among European countries. It aimed to prevent future wars by tying economies together. |
| European Community | A group of European nations that expanded economic cooperation. It laid the groundwork for deeper political integration. |
| European Union | A modern political and economic union of European countries. It promotes free trade, shared laws, and cooperation among members. |
| Josef Stalin | Leader of the Soviet Union who established strict communist control over Eastern Europe. His policies contributed to the start of the Cold War. |
| Nikita Khrushchev | Soviet leader who attempted reforms and reduced repression after Stalin’s death. He was also involved in major Cold War crises. |
| Khrushchev’s “secret speech,” 1956 | A speech criticizing Stalin’s rule and abuses. It marked the beginning of de-Stalinization. |
| Peaceful coexistence | Policy suggesting that communist and capitalist nations could avoid war. It reflected a shift away from inevitable conflict. |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | A military alliance formed in 1949 for mutual defense. It united Western countries against potential Soviet aggression. |
| Marshall Plan | U.S. program providing economic aid to rebuild Western Europe. It also aimed to prevent the spread of communism. |
| Berlin Airlift | Western Allies flew supplies into West Berlin during a Soviet blockade. It demonstrated commitment to resisting Soviet pressure. |
| Berlin Crisis of 1961 | Tensions over Berlin led to the construction of the Berlin Wall. It became a symbol of Cold War division. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | A confrontation over Soviet missiles in Cuba. It brought the world close to nuclear war before a compromise was reached. |
| Suez Crisis | Conflict over control of the Suez Canal after Egypt nationalized it. It marked a decline in British and French global influence. |
| Mahatma Gandhi | Leader of India’s independence movement using nonviolent resistance. His methods inspired global civil rights movements. |
| Frantz Fanon | Thinker who argued colonialism should be overthrown through violence. His writings influenced anti-colonial struggles. |
| The Third World idea (1952) | Refers to nations not aligned with either Cold War bloc. It often described developing countries seeking independence and growth. |
| First Indochina War | War between France and Vietnamese nationalists. It ended with French defeat and Vietnam’s division. |
| Algerian War | Violent conflict between France and Algerian independence fighters. It led to Algeria gaining independence. |
| Algiers Putsch | A revolt by French military officers opposing Algerian independence. It contributed to political crisis in France. |
| Sexual revolution | A shift toward more open attitudes about sexuality in the 1960s–70s. It challenged traditional norms and values. |
| mass culture | Shared cultural experiences spread through media like TV and music. It helped create common identities across societies. |
| Oral contraceptive Pill | A medical innovation that allowed women to control reproduction. It played a key role in social and gender changes. |
| Second wave feminism | Movement focusing on workplace equality, reproductive rights, and social roles. It expanded women’s rights beyond suffrage. |
| Simone de Beauvior | Philosopher who argued gender roles are socially constructed. Her work influenced feminist theory. |
| 1968 movement in France | Student and worker protests challenging authority and capitalism. It nearly destabilized the French government. |
| 1968 movement in Germany | Protests against conservative society and past Nazi influence. It reshaped political culture. |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet leader who introduced reforms to modernize the USSR. His policies contributed to the end of the Cold War. |
| Solidarity | Independent labor movement opposing communist rule in Poland. It became a major force for political change. |
| Hungarian Uprising of 1956 | A revolt against Soviet control in Hungary. It was violently suppressed by Soviet forces |
| Prague Spring | Attempt to create “socialism with a human face” in Czechoslovakia. It was crushed by Soviet invasion. |
| Brezhnev Doctrine | Policy allowing Soviet intervention in socialist countries. It justified suppressing reforms in Eastern Europe. |
| Charter 77 | Movement advocating human rights in Czechoslovakia. It criticized the communist government. |
| Helsinki Accords | Agreement promoting cooperation and human rights. It became a tool for dissidents. |
| velvet revolutions | Peaceful revolutions ending communist regimes in Eastern Europe. They occurred mainly in 1989. |
| Vaclav Havel | Dissident playwright who became president after communism fell. He symbolized democratic change. |
| Margaret Thatcher | British leader who promoted free-market reforms. She reduced state control and unions. |
| Les Trente Glorieuses | Period of rapid economic growth in Western Europe after WWII. It brought rising living standards |
| 1973 oil crisis | Oil embargo caused energy shortages and inflation. It disrupted global economies |
| stagflation | A combination of high inflation and unemployment. It challenged traditional economic policies. |
| neoliberalism | Economic approach favoring free markets and limited government. It became dominant in the late 20th century. |
| globalization | Increasing interconnectedness of economies and cultures. It expanded trade and communication worldwide. |
| The Shock Doctrine | Argues crises are used to push free-market reforms. It critiques neoliberal policies. |
| Will Brandt | Leader who improved relations with Eastern Europe. He promoted reconciliation policies |
| Ostpolitik | West German policy of engaging with Eastern Bloc countries. It reduced Cold War tensions. |
| Red Army Faction | Left-wing terrorist group in West Germany. It targeted government and business leaders. |
| Red Brigades | Italian extremist group using violence for political goals. It kidnapped and assassinated officials. |
| Pope John Paul II | Polish pope who supported resistance to communism. He influenced political change in Eastern Europe. |
| Wojciech Jaruzelski | Communist leader who imposed martial law in Poland. He tried to suppress opposition. |
| Lech Walesa | Leader of Solidarity and later president of Poland. He helped end communist rule. |
| perestroika | Policy restructuring the Soviet economy. It aimed to improve efficiency |
| glasnost | Policy promoting openness and free expression. It allowed criticism of the government. |
| German reunification | East and West Germany united after the Cold War. It symbolized the end of division in Europe. |
| Boris Yeltsin | First president of post-Soviet Russia. He oversaw transition to a market economy |
| Vladimir Putin | Leader who restored centralized authority in Russia. His rule has been marked by nationalism and strong control. |
| oligarchs | Wealthy business elites who gained power after Soviet collapse. They controlled major industries. |
| Slobodan Milosevic | Serbian leader associated with nationalist policies. He played a central role in Balkan conflicts. |
| Yugoslav Wars | Series of ethnic conflicts after Yugoslavia’s breakup. They involved severe violence and war crimes |
| Dayton Accords | Agreement that ended the Bosnian War. It established Bosnia’s political structure. |
| Great Recession | Major global economic downturn. It caused unemployment and financial instability. |
| Russo-Ukrainian War | Conflict between Russia and Ukraine over territory and influence. It escalated significantly in 2022. |
| Syrian Civil War | Ongoing conflict involving multiple factions and foreign powers. It has caused a humanitarian crisis. |
| Great Replacement” mythology | A conspiracy theory claiming elites are replacing native populations with immigrants. It is widely associated with far-right ideology. |
| Brexit | The United Kingdom’s decision to leave the European Union. It reshaped European politics and economics. |
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