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resp, lymph, endo
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Correct pathway of air through the respiratory system | Nose/Mouth → Pharynx → Larynx →Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli |
| Role of epiglottis and choking response | The epiglottis is a leaf shaped cartilage in the throat that acts as a lid, covering the larynx (or airway) during swallowing to prevent food and liquid from entering the lungs. |
| Choking | occurs when the epiglottis fails (or doesn’t close properly or quickly) allowing foreign materials to block the trachea. |
| Types of breathing (e.g., external respiration) | External respiration—Where oxygen enters the blood from the lungs (inspiration) and carbon dioxide leaves (via expiration) Internal respiration—Where oxygen enters the cells and carbon dioxide enters the blood. |
| Treatment for epistaxis (nosebleed) | Sit upright and tilt your head slightly forward while pinching the soft part of your nose for 10 |
| Asthma | chronic, non curable lung disease that causes airway inflammation, swelling, and mucus production. |
| Pneumonia | an infection that inflames the lungs alveoli, causing them to fill with fluid. |
| Bronchitis | Inflammation of the bronchi. |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | Progressive incurable lung disease primarily caused by smoking. Emphysema is a type of this, which damages the alveoli. |
| Laryngitis | Inflammation of voicebox (larynx) |
| Pleurisy | Inflammation of the lung lining (pleura) |
| Pneumothorax | A collapsed lung caused by air escaping into the space between the lung and chest wall. |
| Upper Respiratory Infection | Contagious illness affecting the nose, throat, and sinuses. |
| Relationship with immune and cardiovascular systems | Maintaining fluid balance (cardiovascular) while enabling surveillance and defense (immune) |
| Neutrophils | engulf and destroy bacteria and fungi. |
| B cells (lymphocyte) | Bind to foreign antigens and produce antibodies to neutralize bacteria and viruses. |
| T cells (lymphocyte) | Directly bind and attack infected or cancer cells. |
| Natural Killer Cells | Patrol the body and destroy infected or abnormal cells |
| Monocytes | Large, act as a reserve force, travel to tissues and engulf debris and dead cells. |
| Eosinophils | Fight parasitic infections and manage allergies by releasing toxins to destroy invaders. |
| Basophils | Rare, play key role in allergic reaction and immune responses against parasites. |
| Active immunity | Long term protection created by the body’s immune system producing antibodies and memory cells after infection or vaccination. |
| Passive immunity | Immediate but temporary protection, (“borrowed”) created by receiving antibodies from another source, like maternal antibodies or antibody injections. |
| Lupus | Immune system attacks healthy tissue—Severe joint pain, muscle pain, ulcers, extreme exhaustion, light sensitive, rashes (butterfly rash), pleurisy and arthritis |
| Guillain Barre Syndrome | IS attacks peripheral nerves. Causes weakness, tingling, can lead to dyspnea or paralysis |
| Lymphoma | Cancer of the lymph nodes w/ high cure rates. Many types: Hodgkins (Reed Sternberg cells) and Non Hodgkins, |
| Mononucleosis (AKA kissing disease) | Common viral infection caused by Epstein |
| Feedback mechanisms | Maintain homeostasis by regulating hormone levels through loops where the output of a system controls its own production. |
| Negative Mechanisms | About balance, (Too much blood sugar, endocrine system sends insulin, body okay.) |
| Positive Mechanisms | About building up to a big finish, (Like a baby being born.) |
| Homeostasis | Self regulating process in which maintaining a stable, constant internal environment. |
| Pituitary | Produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to regulate the thyroid, growth hormone (GH), and Oxytocin. |
| Thyroid | Produces thyroxine (T4) ( prohormone and controls how fast cells use energy) and triiodothyronine (T3) (controls body metabolic rate), which control the body’s metabolic rate, as well as Calcitonin (which lowers blood calcium levels) |
| Parathyroid | Releases parathyroid hormone (PTH), the primary regulator of blood calcium levels. |
| Pancreas | Releases insulin (lowers blood sugar) and glucagon (raises blood sugar) |
| Adrenal Glands | Release cortisol (response to stress) and adrenaline |
| Gonads (ovaries/testes) | Produce estrogen, progesterone, testosterone during reproductive development. |
| Endocrine system supports what systems | primarily the cardiovascular system, digestive system (nutrient metabolism), the reproductive system (fertility and sexual development) and the nervous system (coordinating functions, stress, flight or fight, body temp, appetite). |
| Type 1 Diabetes | Autoimmune condition where the pancreas produces little to no insulin because of T |
| Type 2 Diabetes (most common) | When the body resists insulin or fails to make enough insulin and requires insulin as needed. |
| RUQ | Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of pancreas |
| LUQ | Stomach, spleen, splenic flexure of colon |
| RLQ | Cecum, appendix, ascending colon, small intestine |
| LLQ | Descending colon, sigmoid colon, small intestine |
| Nutrient absorption in small intestine | The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption, handling about 90% of all digestion and nutrient uptake into the bloodstream. It uses specialized, finger |
| GI assessment techniques | Listening for bowel sounds in all four quadrants (auscultation), percussing for tympany/dullness, and using light/deep palpation to identify tenderness or masses |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | A chronic condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn, chest pain, and potential damage to the lining |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) | Open sores in the stomach or upper small intestine, often causing a burning, gnawing pain in the upper abdomen. |
| Gastritis | Inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by the same factors as ulcers (e.g., H. pylori bacteria, NSAIDs). |
| Esophagitis | Inflammation of the esophagus lining, often caused by chronic acid reflux. |
| Barrett’s Esophagus | A complication of long term GERD where the esophageal lining changes, increasing the risk of esophageal cancer. |
| Hiatal Hernia | A condition where the upper part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm, often leading to GERD symptom |
| Esophagus | Propels food from the mouth to the stomach via muscular contractions called peristalsis. |
| Stomach | A muscular sack that churns food and secretes gastric juices (acid and enzymes) to break down proteins. |
| Small Intestine | The main site for digestion and nutrient absorption. It uses enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
| Large Intestine (Colon) | Absorbs water, electrolytes, and vitamins from remaining food residue, transforming it into waste. |
| Rectum and Anus | Stores and eliminates feces (waste) from the body. |
| Liver: | Produces bile, which helps break down fats, and processes nutrient |
| Gallbladder | Stores and concentrates bile, releasing it into the small intestine. |
| Pancreas | Produces digestive enzymes (for fats, carbohydrates, proteins) and bicarbonate, which are released into the small intestine to neutralize stomach acid. |
| Hydration and urine production | Hydration directly controls urine production and quality, with proper fluid intake (typically 2.5–3.5 L/day) allowing kidneys to filter blood efficiently and produce light colored urine |
| Kidney function and waste filtration | Kidneys act as the body's primary filtration system, processing about 200 quarts of blood daily to remove roughly 2 quarts of waste products and excess water, which are excreted as urine. |
| Signs of dehydration | Extreme thirst, dark colored urine, dry mouth, fatigue, and dizziness. |
| What triggers urination | As urine fills the bladder, muscles stretch, activating nerves that send signals to the brain to initiate the urge. Also increased fluid intake, caffeine/alcohol consumption, pregnancy, or anxiety |
| Cause of sweat odor (e.g., bacteria, hormones) | Hormonal shifts (puberty, menopause), diet, and stress |
Created by:
sb4