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Ch. 18 Endocrine
Medical Terminology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| adrenal cortex | Outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones |
| adrenal medulla | Inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| ovaries | Located in the lower abdomen of female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion |
| pancreas | Located behind the stomach |
| parathyroid glands | Four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland |
| pituitary gland (hypophysis) | Located at the base of brain in the sella turcica |
| testes | Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion |
| thyroid gland | Located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin |
| adrenaline (epinephrine) | Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates adrenal cortex |
| aldosterone | Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases salt reabsorption |
| androgen | Male hormone secreted by the testes and adrenal cortex (to a lesser extent) |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; increases reabsorption of water by kidney |
| calcitonin | Secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels |
| cortisol | Secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar |
| epinephrine (adrenaline) | Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure |
| estradiol | Estrogen secreted by the ovaries |
| estrogen | Female hormone secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex (to lesser extent) |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by ovaries and sperm production by testes |
| glucagons | Secreted by alpha islet cells of pancreas; increases blood sugar |
| growth hormone (GH); somatotropin | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues |
| insulin | Secreted by beta islet cells of pancreas; helps glucose pass into cells and promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | Secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males |
| norepinephrine | Secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure |
| oxytocin (OT) | Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of uterus during labor and childbirth |
| parathormone (PTH) | Secreted by parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium |
| progesterone | Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy |
| prolactin (PRL) | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes milk secretion |
| somatotropin (STH) | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; growth hormone |
| testosterone | Male hormone secreted by the testes |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotropin | Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; promotes thyroid function |
| thyroxine (T4 ) | Secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism |
| triiodothyronine (T3 ) | Secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism |
| vasopressin | Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; antidiuretic hormone (ADH); raises water reabsorption and raises blood pressure |
| catecholamines | Hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla |
| corticosteroids | Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex |
| electrolyte | Mineral salt found in blood and tissues |
| glucocorticoid | Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism |
| homeostasis | Tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment |
| hormone | Substance secreted by an endocrine gland to influence structure or function of an organ or gland |
| hypothalamus | Region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland |
| mineralocorticoid | Steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts and water balance in the body |
| receptor | Cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited |
| sella turcica | Cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland |
| sex hormones | Steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics |
| steroid | Complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made |
| sympathomimetic | Pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system |
| target tissue | Cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones |
| aden/o | Gland |
| adrenal/o | adrenal glands |
| gonad/o | sex glands (ovaries, testes) |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| parathyroid/o | parathyroid gland |
| pituitar/o | pituitary gland; hypophysis |
| thyr/o | thyroid gland |
| thyroid/o | thyroid gland |
| andr/o | male |
| calc/o, calici/o | calcium |
| cortic/o | cortex, outer region |
| crin/o | secrete |
| dips/o | thirst |
| estr/o | female |
| gluc/o, glyc/o | sugar |
| home/o | sameness |
| hormon/o | hormone |
| kal/I | potassium (an electrolyte) |
| lact/o | milk |
| myx/o | mucus |
| natr/o | sodium (an electrolyte) |
| phys/o | growing |
| somat/o | body |
| ster/o | solid structure |
| toc/o | childbirth |
| toxic/o | poison |
| ur/o | urine |
| -agon | assemble, gather together |
| -emia | blood condition |
| -in, -ine | a substance |
| -tropin | stimulating the function of |
| -uria | urine condition |
| eu- | good, normal |
| hyper- | excessive, above |
| hypo- | deficient, below |
| oxy- | rapid, sharp, acid |
| pan- | all |
| poly- | much or increased |
| tetra- | four |
| tri | three |
| adenohypophysis | anterior lobe of pituitary gland |
| neurohypophysis | posterior lobe of pituitary gland |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| endemic goiter cause | lack of iodine in the diet |
| nodular or adenomatous goiter | hyperplasia, and formation of nodules and adenomas |
| hyperthyroidism | overactivity of the thyroid gland; thyrotoxicosis |
| Graves disease (type of hyperthyroidism) | results from autoimmune processes |
| exopthalmos or proptosis | protrusion of the eyeballs |
| hypothyroidism | underactivity of the thyroid gland |
| myxedema (type of hypothyroidism) | advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood. Atrophy of the thyroid gland causes almost no hormones to be produced |
| cretinism (type of hypothyroidism) | extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal physical and mental growth. |
| thyroid carcinoma | cancer of the thyroid gland |
| hyperparathyroidism | excessive production of parathormone |
| hypoparathyroidism | deficient production of parathyroid hormone |
| tetany | condition in which constant muscle contraction occurs, muscle and nerve weakness with spasms of muscles. Hypoparathyroidism causes this. |
| adrenal virilism | excessive secretion of adrenal androgens. |
| hirsutism | excessive hair on the face and body, caused by adrenal virilism in women |
| Cushing syndrome | group of signs and symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex |
| Addison disease | hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex |
| pheochromocytoma | benign tumor of the adrenal medulla |
| hyperinsulinism | excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia, overdose of insulin |
| diabetes mellitus (DM) | Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells. |
| oral hypoglycemic agents | stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas and improve the body's sensitivity to insulin. |
| Differences between type 1 and 2 Diabetes | Type 1 Diabetes usually occurs before age 30, abruptly, thin or normal body weights. Type 2 occurs after 30, slowly, and with obesity in a large portion of the population. Weight loss helps type 2 normally. |
| primary complication of type 1, what is it and what can it lead to? | hyperglycemia, can lead to ketoacidosis (fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body.) |
| ketoacidosis | fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body. |
| insulin shock | severe hypoglycemia caused by an overdose of insulin, decreased intake of food, or excessive exercise. |
| Secondary (long-term) complications | may appear many years after the patient develops diabetes. diabetic retinopathy and/or diabetic nephropathy |
| diabetic retinopathy | destruction of retinal blood vessels |
| diabetic nephropathy | destruction of the kidneys |
| diabetic neuropathy | destruction of nerves, involving pain or loss of sensation, most commonly in the extremities |
| gestational diabetes | occurs in women with a predisposition to diabetes during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. Afterwards glucose usually returns to normal, but type 2 diabetes may develop later in life. |
| acromegaly | hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement of extremities. |
| gigantism | hypersecretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues |
| dwarfism | congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism |
| panhypopituitarism | deficiency of all pituitary hormones |
| syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) | Excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone |
| diabetes insipidus (DI) | insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) |
| insipidus meaning | tasteless, as in only water in the urine mainly |
| mellitus meaning | sweet or like honey, sugar content in urine. |
| fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (a test) | Also known as fasting blood sugar test. measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours. Can diagnose diabetes and prediabetes |
| glucose tolerance test (kind of fasting plasma glucose test) | used to diagnose prediabetes or gestational diabetes |
| glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c, or A1c for short) (Kind of fasting plasma glucose test) | measuring the percentage of red blood cells with glucose attached, monitors long-term glucose control. High levels indicate poor glucose control in diabetic patients |
| serum and urine tests | measurements of hormones, electrolytes, glucose, and other substances in serum (blood) and urine as indicators of endocrine function |
| glucometer | measures blood glucose |
| urinary microalbumin assay | may detect small quantities of albumin in urine as a marker or harbinger of diabetic nephropathy |
| thyroid function tests | measurement of T3, T4, and TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) in the bloodstream |
| exophthalmometry | measurement of eyeball protrusion (as in graves disease) with an exophthalmometer |
| thyroid scan | scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland |
| radioactive iodine uptake scan (RAIU) (kind of thyroid scan) | oral with radioactive iodine, to make a thyroid scan. Regular thyroid scan is intravenously given |
Created by:
JoshuaB5