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DMS301
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Profession | unique body of knowledge that has performance standards |
| Standards of practice | qualities needed by a professional |
| Scope of practice | acts permitted by law by which the individual has received education and clinical experience |
| RT societies | ASRT, ISRT |
| DMS Societies | SDMS, ARDMS |
| Credentialing orgs | ARRT/ARDMS |
| Accreditation orgs | JRCERT/JRCDMS |
| Credentialing def. | formal recognition of qualifications (R.T. (R)/CT/MR; RDMS/RDCS/RVT) |
| Accreditation def. | educational program evaluation |
| Certification orgs | ARRT/ARDMS |
| Certification def. | organization that gives exam to prove competency |
| SOAP | Subjective Objective Assessment Plan (structured documentation method for patient info) |
| Subjective data | said info (symptoms, feelings, experiences) |
| Objective data | observed info (in chart, seen, heard, or info given to us) |
| Advance Health Care Directive | document that outlines specific wishes about medical care ("living will") |
| Nosocomial Infection | infections acquired in the course of medical care (UTI, surgical wound infection) |
| Iatrogenic infection | a nosocomial infection that results from a particular treatment or procedure |
| Most common site for nosocomial infection | urinary tract (as a result from catheters) |
| Cycle of infection | 1. Infectious agent 2. Environment where it can live + multiply 3. portal of exit 4. means of transmission 5. Portal of entrance |
| Direct contact | when body fluids are touched directly from person to person |
| Indirect contact | fomite, vehicle, droplet, airborne, vector |
| Fomite | syringe or dressing |
| vehicle | food, water, drugs, or blood |
| vector | infected animals or insects |
| droplet | nose, mouth of an infected host |
| airborne | comes from evaporated residue left from a droplet |
| Natural active acquired immunity | resistant to disease by becoming infected with a specific organism |
| Artificial active acquired immunity | occurs after vaccinations are administered |
| Passive immunity | mother to child |
| How many people in the US have HIV | 1.2 million |
| HIV/AIDS | takes 18-45 days to detect in blood no known cure spread by sexual contact, contaminated blood or needles, fluids w/ blood, mother to fetus, breast milk |
| Viral hepatitis | inflammation of the cells in the liver HVA, HVB, HVC, HVD, HVE Spread by needles, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, blood, mother to fetus |
| How long can hepatitis survive in dried blood | at least a week |
| What is the most common bloodborne infection in the US | Hepatitis C |
| Tuberculosis | Lung disease spread airborne route |
| Medical asepsis | eliminate all microorganisms as best as possible (soap, water, friction, disinfectants) |
| Surgical asepsis | microorganisms and their spores are completely destroyed by means of heat or chemical proccess |
| Autoclaving | steam under pressure most common surgical asepsis technique |
| Negative pressure | air flows into the room (isolation) |
| Positive pressure | air flows out of the room (reverse isolation) |
| Eyewash protocol | wash eyes at eyewash station for at least 15 minutes |
| Ergonomics | the study of the human body in relation to the working environment |
| Sims position | laying on side with one leg up |
| fowler's position | head above feet (semierect) 45-60 degrees |
| Semi-fowlers | head above feet (semierect) 30-45 degrees |
| trendelenberg | feet above head |
| teratogen | something that causes birth defects |
| lordotic | inward curvature of the spine |
| kyphotic | outward curvature of the spine |
| emesis | vomit |
| orthostatic hypotension | getting light headed when changing from supine to sitting or standing position |
| ischemia | lack of blood flow to tissue |
| reactive hyperemia | a sudden rush of blood flow to an extremity occurs when going from supine to a sitting/standing position |
| signs of circulatory impairment | pale, cool, or clammy skin, weak pulse, swelling in extremities, dizziness or fainting |
| 3 ways to evaluate patients | 1. physical appearance (pallor, cyanosis, diaphoretic, dyspnea) 2. LOC 3. Vital signs |
| Average pulse rates | adult: 60-90 child: 90-100 infant: 120 |
| Low BP is associated with what kind of pulse | fast/high pulse |
| Pulse oximetry | monitors oxygen saturation in the hemoglobin |
| Normal pulse oximetry values | 95-100% less than 85% is bad |
| Normal respiratory rates | adult: 15-20 per minute infant: 30-60 per minute less than 10 breaths = cyanosis and LOC change |
| What is the body's thermostat | hypothalamus |
| Normal temperature | 3 mo - 3 years: 99-99.7F Adult: 98.6F |
| What is blood pressure dependant on | peripheral resistance, viscosity, blood volume, elasticity of vessel walls |
| Normal blood pressure values | 120/80 (syst/dia) |
| Nasal cannula oxygen rate (LPM) | 1-4 LPM |
| Face mask oxygen rate (LPM) | 5 or more LPM |
| OR suite zones | 1st: unrestricted (street clothes) 2nd: semi-restricted (scrubs and mask) 3rd: restricted (scrubs, sterile precautions) |
| Surgical precautions | surgical scrub (3 minutes), special filters, positive pressure, humidity control, doors remain closed |
| Glasgow coma scale | LOC assessment 15 points total verbal response, eyes opening, motor response |
| Shock | body's response to illness, trauma, or stress main sign is low blood pressure |
| 3 stages of shock | Compensatory stage: high resp, low bp, high hr, high anxiety Progressive stage: high hr, chest pain, pulmonary edema Irreversible stage: low bp, renal and liver failure, recovery unlikely |
| Hypovelemic shock | rapid fluid/blood loss (thirst, cold extremities, cyanosis) causes: trauma, burns, vomiting response: place patient supine w/ legs elevated 30 degrees |
| Cardiogenic shock | heart not pumping enough blood to organs (heart failure) response: semi-fowler's position (helps breathe) |
| Distributive shock | pooling of blood in extremities |
| Anaphylactic shock | serious allergic reaction mild: sneezing; moderate: hives, bronchospasm; severe: cardiac arrest response: semi-fowler's or sitting, epinephrine |
| Obstructive shock | something obstructing flow to/from heart (pulmonary embolism/DVT) |
| Syncope | passing out |
| Epistaxis | nosebleed |
| Ataxia | lack of muscle coordination |
| "Golden hour" | patients treated in the first hour post accident have a better chance of survival |
| Closed head injuries | swelling of brain tissue, unequal eye dilation, raccoon eyes, battle signs |
| ICP monitor | evaluates intercranial pressure |
| Open head injuries | brain exposed, leakage of cerebrospinal fluid, basal fracture, hearing loss |
| Nasogastric tubes (NG) | thru nose into stomach purpose: feeding, decompression, contrast ex: nutriflex, levin + sump |
| Nasoenteric tubes (NE) | thru nose into small bowel purpose: feeding, decompression, contrast ex: miller-abbott, harris, cantor |
| Chest (thoracostomy) tubes | remove air or fluid in pleural space |
| Endotracheal tubes (ET) | mouth into trachea purpose: maintains airway Located: 5-7cm above carina |
| Thoracentesis | procedure to remove fluid from pleural space |
| PICC line | central catheter in upper arm to heart (short-term use) |
| Hickman catheter | tunnel-type, thru chest to heart (long-term use) |
| Portacath | located in chest, internal long-term use |
| Swan-Ganz | goes thru right ventricle out pulmonary artery purpose: detects pressure in PA, measures cardiac output, O2 levels |
| Peg tube | thru abdominal wall to stomach purpose: long-term nutrition and medication |
| Pacemaker | tip in right ventricle purpose: monitor and regulate heart rhythm |
| Pharmacology | study of drugs within a living organism |
| Pharmacodynamics | study of the effects of drugs on normal body functions (change in bp/pulse) |
| Pharmacokinetics | study of the way the body processes a drug |
| What organ is responsible for drug excretion | mainly kidneys (also intestines, biliary tract, lungs, breast milk) |
| What lab values are important for IV contrast | creatine and GFR |
| Clearance rate | how fast a drug is removed from the body high=more often administration low=less often administration |
| Conversion of pounds to kilograms | divide by 2.2 |
| Enteral drug administration | (GI) oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal |
| Parenteral drug administration | (P for puncture) Intramuscular, IV, intraosseus, intradermal, intrathecal |
| Topical drug administration | skin, eyes, throat, nose, transdermal |
| Narcan | narcotic antagonist |
| epinephrine | adrenalin, for anaphylactic shock |
| Atropine | vasoconstriction, increased cardiac output |
| lidocaine | treats dysrhythmias and as an anesthetic |
| dopamine | treats hypotension and shock |
| furosemide | diuretic |
| amiodarone | treats ventricular fibrillation |
| diphenhydramine | benadryl, treats allergies |
| Opioids | fentanyl and demerol |
| Versed | sedation |
| vallium | antianxiety |
| nitroglycerin | reduces heart workload |
| heparin | blood thinner (given IV) |
| warfarin | anticoagulant (given PO) |
| metformin | hypoglycemic (lowers blood sugar) |
| NSAIDs | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs ex: aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen |
| Things to know before using contrast media | indications for use contradictions for use adverse reactions |
| Positive contrast agents | most common type barium, iodinated contrast radiopaque |
| Negative contrast agents | air, co2 radiolucent |
| risk of positive contrast agent | if leaked into abdominal cavity, adverse reaction may occur |
| risk of negative contrast agent | if injected into blood stream, air embolus may occur |
| Barium sulfate | most commonly used cannot be used if perforation is suspected patient needs to increase fluid intake after |
| Iodinated contrast | can use for perforations instead of barium produces less contrast than barium water-soluble |
| Glucagon | used to treat hypoglycemia (increases blood sugar) causes relaxation of GI muscle do not give to patients with diabetes |
| Cathartics | strong laxatives (saline or stimulant) |
| Suppositories | stimulates peristalsis insert 2-3 inches |
| viscosity | thickness of fluid esophagus studies require thicker barium (larger tubing) single contrast BE's require thinner barium (smaller tubing) |
| Order of scheduling GI exams | ultrasound first (noncontrast), lower GI before upper (w/ contrast) |
| straight catheter | used to acquire urine samples or to empty bladder - single lumen |
| Indwelling (folley) catheter | provides continuous drainage – double lumen |
| female and male urethra length | female: 3-5cm male: 14-18cm |
| Where is the drainage bag kept for a catheter | BELOW level of catheter (gravity) |
| P wave | contraction of atria |
| QRS | contraction of ventricle |
| Bone densitometry | to measure bone mineral density (DEXA) |
| Vascular interventional | Angiography of all major blood vessels |
| Cardiac interventional | Coronary angiography Angioplasty/stenting |
| PTA | Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty treats atherosclerosis |
| Seldinger technique | catheter insertion |
| Arthrogram | study of joints, uses contrast |
| Myelogram | Visualizes the spinal cord & nerve roots, Utilizes contrast |
| How frequently should an IV be replaced | every 72 hours |
| Where is the terniquet placed | 5-6 inches above iv site |
| Phlebitis | inflammation of vein |
| infiltration/extravasion | fluid leaks out into surrounding tissues |
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