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Evolutionary
Exctinction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Extinction as an evolutionary outcome? | Extinction has been the result of process and time for 99% of the animals. |
| What factors contribute to biodiversity over geologic time? | Different global conditions yield different levels of biological diversity. |
| What is the average species extinction rate from the fossil record? | About 1 species per million species per year, or 10 to 100 species per year. |
| What is the average longevity of mammal species? | About 1 to 3 million years. |
| What is the average longevity of all fossil groups? | 5 mil yrs |
| average species extinction rate from fossil record is about ___________ extinction rate of _________ yr | 1 sp/mil sp/yr 10 to 100 spp/yr |
| What general trend has been observed since the Cambrian explosion? | A reduction of phyla from 54 to 32 and a proliferation of families within surviving phyla. |
| What is a mass extinction? | Periodic events that eliminate up to 80% of global species over a short geologic time. |
| What is background extinction? | Gradual loss of species through time. |
| How does the extinction of North American megafauna compare to mass extinctions? | It is more than background extinction but less than mass extinctions. |
| What is uniform extinction? | Co-evolved species often go extinct together, such as the dodo bird and Calvaria tree. |
| What was brought in to help with Calvaria tree problems | wild turkeys |
| Why do island environments experience high rates of extinction? | They have low diversity, few habitats, small population sizes, and small habitats. |
| _______ abrupt drops in diversity can be identified since the Cambrian. | Five |
| What are the background extinction rates for marine invertebrates? | Average of 30 million years. |
| What are the three major mass extinction events identified? | Ordovician, Permian, and Cretaceous extinctions. |
| Impact of the Ordovician extinction? | 85% marine species extinct |
| What was the impact of the Permian extinction? | 96% of marine species and 70% of land vertebrates disappeared. |
| What caused the Cretaceous extinction? | A cosmic collision, leading to climate destabilization and habitat loss. |
| What correlation exists between the Permian (230 mya) extinction and continental coalescence? | The coalescence eliminated marine coastal habitats and disrupted global ocean currents. |
| Extinctions correlate with sea level changes, drop in sea level causes (2) | loss of shallow marine habitat, cooling water |
| What environmental changes are linked to mass extinctions? | Changes in sea levels and climate stability. |
| Cretaceous extinction | Continents separating hence increase in heterogeneity and climate stability and species isolation |
| sea level drop at end of Cretaceous due to _______ | rapid sea floor spreading |
| Increasing continental climate would have destabilized | |
| Cretaceous extinction caused by | cosmic collision could have altered 6 mile meteor made a 100 mile crater, 10K X iridium content in asteroids corresponds with deposits, dust cloaked sun light DINOSAUR EXTINCTION |
| Other potential reasons for mass extinctions | Ordovician ice ages not typcial |
| Reasons for ice ages | earth axis wobble continental drift sun activity cycles |
| What are Milankovitch cycles? | Changes in Earth's movements that affect climate, including orbital eccentricity, obliquity, and precession. |
| Mass extinctions seem best explained by environmental changes Rate of environmental change must correspond to ___________ | rate of adaptation |
| How long did the Pleistocene glaciation last? | It started about 2.3 million years ago and includes glaciations of the last 400,000 years. |
| What is the significance of the 800-year lag in CO2 levels? | It is related to changes in temperature during glacial and interglacial periods. |
| What is the lifespan estimate for species based on heartbeats? | For example, a mouse has about 5.25 x 10^7 heartbeats in its lifetime. |
| What is the role of environmental changes in mass extinctions? | Mass extinctions are best explained by significant environmental changes. |
| What evidence supports the theory of supernova explosions causing extinctions? | Supernovae within 65 light years may have stripped ozone, exposing Earth to UV and acid rain. |
| What is the relationship between ice ages and mass extinctions? | There is no tight correlation between ice ages and mass extinctions. |
| What is the significance of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary? | It marks the extinction of dinosaurs and many marine species. |
| What is the average lifespan of marine species according to background extinction rates? | Marine species average around 30 million years. |
| What is the estimated extinction rate of species today? | Current extinction rates are significantly higher than historical background rates. |
| What is the impact of habitat heterogeneity on species survival? | Increased habitat heterogeneity can lead to greater species isolation and stability. |
| How does the extinction of large marsupials in South America relate to continental changes? | Their extinction correlates with the establishment of the Isthmus of Panama, mixing species. |
| What might over-speciation for an environment mean for a species? | Makes them more susceptible to becoming extinct |
Created by:
llamaandlearning