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Evolution
Religion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Animism as the first religion | around animals: origin before out of Africa migration as pre-linguistic bio-cultural adaptation |
| transitional pathways to pro-social morality associated with high gods is _____________ | unknown |
| regardless of origins, _______________ | religious impulse in humans is ancient |
| all modern humans known to history believed in ________________ | spirit world |
| Is atheism a majority in religious contexts? | no, was and is minority |
| mainstream secular analysis never considers origin of religion as actual encounters with supernatural | |
| Rodney Stark | Triumph of faith Harsh atheistic communism has been ineffective in eliminating religion and spiritism archeological evidence of intentionality symbols and burial among early homo sapiens suggestive of human-like express. of spirituality |
| What was the primitive to civilized religious change? | Spiritism to monotheism |
| Coherency in a society does not mean _____________ | truth |
| Is religion considered convergent? | Not really, it is said it has always been around |
| Is there some evidence of religion from fossil record? | yes |
| Cannibalism example of Homo erectus | raises question of ritualistic cannibalism, typically ritualistic defleshed bones found in excavations (Spain, China) Suggested part of human diet |
| Was cannablism normally completed for caloric intake | probably not, with other animal bones |
| Ritual cannibalism is known among what culture? | New Guinae and WWII Jap soldiers (George HW Bush escaped them) 1962 Don Richardson's Peace child |
| Don Richardsons Peace Child book, who was the hero according to the tribe? | Judas, because he was the lead deceptor |
| Exceptions involving extreme privation | The Donner party Jamestown winter of 1609-10 the Starving time Plan crash int he andes mountains |
| The Donner party | 1846- 87 people 46 survived |
| Jamestown winter of 1609-10 | Facial reconstruction of 14 year old girl skull showed signed her remains used for food after death George Percy- 500 colonist, 400 died |
| Andes Mountains in 1972 | 45 passengers, 18 died in crash, 8 died in avalanche, 16 survived by eating dead |
| Evidence of neanderthal burials: Shanidar II | died in rock fall inside cave, skull crushed. given ritual send off = small pile of stones found on top of grave |
| Evidence of neanderthal burials: Shanidar IV | buried with flowers heavy pollen deposits associated with grave |
| First deliberate burials found at ___________ in Israel | Qafzeh, 95,000 years ago 9 year old child with legs bent and deer antlers in arms Early homo sapiens |
| Ancient burials as the _______________________ | birth of metaphysical anguish |
| Earliest definitive archeological evidence of religion | stone age art |
| Venus of Willendorf | figure depticting human form, no face, hips and breast greatly exaggerated may have worshipped fertility goddess limestone |
| Venus of Hohle Fels (ivory) | 40,000 year old figurine, so small could be hidden in your fist suggests fertility cults |
| The presence of religion among all living H sapiens suggest that | last common ancestor to all living humans was religious (not convergent) |
| Stone snake | elongated rock, carved to enhance its resemblance to a snake, offers evidence of ritualistic behavior Botswana |
| Bushmen | seem to be oldest genetic group thought to have diverged from all other humans 150,000 ya |
| Homo naledi | bodies in complex cave: discovered in Johannesburg possibly late australopithicine dated 236 kya Some suggest religious instinct may have predated language |
| Materialistic science (Darwinians view) of Origin of religion | Dawkins the God delusion 1. Religion must attribute some survival advantage or nonreligious competitor would prevail 2. Many disadvantages overridden by advantages |
| Daniel Dennett and Richard Dawkins suggest religious behavior is ______________ | expensive |
| How is religious behavior expensive? | Support of the priestly class (tithing) Expensive rituals in resources and time Expensive buildings (i.e., cathedrals of Europe with little utilitarian value) People devoted to celibacy Religious wars Art, e.g., medieval art themes Energy spent by people to protect Them from superstitious fears |
| Scientific materialist (Darwinist) Perceptions regarding advantages of religion | 1. May be realized by controlling gene or gene set like parasite 2. Religion is ubiquitous |
| it benefits something 3. Group selection explanations advancement of religion usually fail at the hands of the cheater 4. Darwinists never consider that the supernatural claims of religions might be true 5. Some consider religious expression part of innate hard wiring | |
| Scientific materialist (Darwinist) Perceptions: 1. May be realized by controlling gene or gene set like parasite | Parasites manipulate host behavior Ex gordian worms- aquatic insect larva- terrestrial adult dies, cricket eats, jump in water, returns to breeding habitat RELIGION AS A PHSYCHOLOGICAL PARASITE behavior maximizes survival of genes for behavior |
| Scientific materialist (Darwinist) Perceptions 2. Religion is ubiquitous | It benefits something Idea that religion provides explanation for things we can not explain is not a darwinian answer the idea that over classes use religion to control lower does NOT answer why people are vulnerable to claims of religion |
| Scientific materialist (Darwinist) Perceptions 3. Group selection explanations advancement of religion usually fail at the hands of the cheater | Why do people take comfort in propositions that they plainly see as false? ex. virgin birth, Jesus and Lazarus, resurrection, ascension, miracles |
| Scientific materialist (Darwinist) Perceptions 4. Darwinists never consider that the supernatural claims of religions might be true | Special revelation is def out |
| Scientific materialist (Darwinist) Perceptions 5. Some consider religious expression part of innate hard wiring | we are hard-wired to be theists |
| part of who we are religion may boost fitness by promoting cooperative behavior religion springs naturally from the normal workings of human mind | |
| What is the relationship between evolutionary psychology and religion? | Religion is an outgrowth of the evolved human brain. |
| What is an exaptation in the context of religion? | Religion is a byproduct of psychological mechanisms that evolved for other reasons. |
| Is religion genetically hardwired in humans? | Yes, religion is genetically hardwired. |
| How does religion function as a cultural expression? | Religion provides coherence and cohesiveness to a group. |
| What valuable principles does religion teach? | Religion teaches valuable necessary principles. |
| Why is the concept of a patriarchal god prevalent in religions? | The concept of a patriarchal god evolved due to patriarchal societies. |
| Hypersensative agency-detecting Device- HADD | humans came to percieve many things have agency i.e grass moving, lion may be present, flee i.e clouds can act of their own accord and rain when they want, rain acting for purpose HADD may have planted seeds for rel. attrib agency to things that lack it |
| Theory of the mind ToM | -getting into the mind of another purposeful being. - enables one to discern other people's intentions, pos. or neg. - people started attributing purpose to the actions of nonactors. i.e., a thunderstorm or flood would be seen as the product of a dangerous personal agent in sky or river. |
| Trance Theory | rejects idea that supernatural is real, and that we are primed to interact with it collaborative effort of cognitive scientists, evo psychologists, sociologists, theologians |
| Religiousity arose when | - religiosity arose when our archaic ancestors, perhaps in the middle Paleolithic period, realized that they could induce ecstatic experiences. They started dancing, drumming, imbibing, chanting, feasting and fasting, hallucinating (drugs): mid-paleolithic |
| Synchronized activity in groups leads to release of _______________ | endorphins- opioid hormones ease social tension, like aspirin eases pain |
| Critique of hypetheses | 1. assumes science to be the arbiter of phenomenon 2. never assumes possibility that the supernatural is real 3. does not account for universal interest in life after death- sadness in loss 4. Darwins idea of man being able to speculate existance may be closest to Plantinga's notion for hard-wire 5. these hypotheses assume informed human would reject attributing agency to non-actors 6. issues with good and evil not explained |
| Evidence of first temple and organized religion | In turkey over 11,000 ya Gobekli Tepe Mainstream evolution generally concedes some adaptive advantage to religion |
| Neo atheists may consider teaching religion a great wrong ______________ | = to child abuse eg. Dawkins, Dennett |
| What is the problem of de-evolution according to Michael Behe? | Evolution associated with natural selection tends to select for adaptations from broken genes. |
| At what level does Darwinian evolution seem to work best? | Family level. |
| What significant evolutionary event has not produced new body plans since its occurrence? | The Cambrian Explosion. |
| What is the probability of evolution producing irreducibly complex molecular machines? | The probability is remotely small. |
| What example does Michael Behe give to illustrate the complexity of molecular machines? | 4 subunits of the hemoglobin molecule are required for function. |
| What is Francis Crick's 'Astonishing Hypothesis'? | Your joys, ambitions, freewill, sorrows, personal identity are nothing but packs of neurons. |
| What does Douglas Futuyma say about the importance of natural selection? | It explains design in nature apart from first cause intent. |
| What conclusion does Douglas Futuyma draw about life? | Life is meaningless. |
| How is intelligence detected according to Michael Behe? | By perceiving a purposeful arrangement of parts. |
| How is the mind affected according to Michael Behe? | The mind is affected by the material, but it is not explained by the material. |
| What does Michael Behe suggest is at stake for the future of science? | The future of science itself. |
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llamaandlearning