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A&P Lecture 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| blood transports | key elements and protect from harm |
| Blood helps maintain homeostasis by (6) | 1. Transportation of gases, nutrients, and waste products 2. Transportation of signaling molecules 3. Regulation of pH and osmosis 4. Maintenance of body temps 5. Protection 6. Clot formation |
| Compositions of blood | blood is a type of CT consisting of a liquid matrix containing cells and cell fragments |
| Compositions of blood 2 components | Plasma is the liquid matrix (55%) The formed elements are cells and cell fragments |
| TBV for females is TBV for males is | 4-5L 5-6L |
| Fibrinogen forms what, found in what | forms blood clots, found in plasma |
| What else is in plasma | 1. albumins 2. globulins |
| Plasma | The liquid matrix of blood is 91% water and 9% substances such as proteins, ions, waste, signaling molecules, and nutrients |
| Plasma donations are given to treat | Trauma Burns Chock Liver disease Hemophilia |
| Albumin | Major component of osmotic pressure of plasma |
| Globulins | Antibodies and transport proteins |
| RBCs, or erythrocytes | are the most abundant blood cell type. 95% of blood cells are RBCs Lack nuclei |
| WBCs | make up of 5% of cells in blood Nucleated |
| Hematopoiesis is | the production of blood cells |
| In the embryo, hematopoiesis occurs in various tissues including (6) kinds | yolk sac, liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. |
| After birth, hematopoiesis is confined to | red bone marrow, though some white blood cells complete development in lymphatic tissue (i.e. T cells in thymus). |
| The first site involved in the yolk sac, where primitive hematopoiesis starts around | 7 weeks of gestational age, |
| then is temporarily | shared between the liver, spleen, and thymus, before finally being established definitively in the bone marrow |
| So your blood comes from your | mom |
| Stem cells give rise to the cell lines that | produce the formed elements |
| All the formed elements of blood are derived from | a single population stem cells called hemocytoblasts |
| These stem cells can divide to produce a daughter cells that can differentiate into one of two forms of intermediate stem cells: | A myeloid stem cell and a lymphoid cell stem cells |
| Lymphoid stem cells form | Lymphocytes (B and T cells) |
| Myeloid stem cells give rise to 4 cell types | 1. Proerythroblasts 2. Myeloblasts 3. Monoblasts 4. Megakaryoblasts |
| Proerythroblasts produce | red blood cells |
| Myeloblasts produce | cells of innate immune system |
| Monoblasts produce | monocytes |
| Megakaryoblasts produce | platelets |
| Red blood cells | tiny, unnucleated, bioconcave cells |
| The primary function of RBCs are to | transport oxygen from lungs to various body tissues and to transport CO2 from tissues to lungs |
| ***98.5% of O2 in blood is transported by the hemoglobin in RBCs | |
| Hemoglobin is | a complex protein consisting of four subunits |
| Each subunit is composed of | one polypeptide chain called globin that is bound to one heme group |
| Each heme is red pigmented molecules containing | one Iron atom |
| These are the most _______ cells of your body | short lived |
| This turnover of RBCs require folate, B12, and iron- all are | prenatal vitamins B12 Folate Iron |
| RBC production is stimulated by | low blood oxygen levels DUH |
| Low blood oxygen levels can be caused | by a loss of RBCs, decreased hemoglobin, diseases of lung, or high altitudes |
| Kidneys release WHAT into bloodstream in response to WHAT | EPO decreased blood oxygen. |
| Platelets | minute fragments of cells derived from megakaryocytes |
| Platelets consist of a small amount of | cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane |
| Glycoproteins and proteins on the surface allow platelets to | attach to damaged vessel walls and exposed CT *These surface molecules play important roles in controlling blood loss |
| Platelets live for | 5-9 days |
| Hemostasis is the | Cessation of bleeding |
| How to treat severe bleeding (hemorrhage) | - Restore volume and circulation (IV fluids and blood) - Replace missing clotting components (Plasma and clotting factors restore the coagulation cascade) - Increase platelet availability (Platelet transfusion support plug formation) |
| Hemostasis- the process by which the body seals a ruptured blood vessel and prevents further loss of blood. Failure of any of these steps will result in | hemorrhage- excessive bleeding |
| These are the 3 steps to process: | 1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation |
| FIRST STEP: Vascular spasm | prevents excessive bleeding through the contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels |
| The vascular spasm response is triggered by several chemicals called _______ that are released by vessel-lining cells in response to vessel injury | endothelins |
| ___________ are used to treat pulmonary hypertension. | Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) |
| SECOND STEP: Platelet plug formation | an accumulation of platelets that can seal small breaks in blood vessels |
| Is platelet plug formation the same as a blood clot!!! | NO BITCH But, a plug formation is an important step in blood clot formation! |
| The formation of a platelet plug can be described in a series of steps, but in actuality many of these steps take place simultaneously These steps are (3) | 1. Platelet adhesion 2. Platelet release reaction 3. Platelet aggregation |
| THIRD STEP: Coagulation | is the process blood changes into a solid or semi-solid state. A blood clot is a network of threadlike protein fibers (fibrin) that traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid |
| Blood clot formation depends on | a number of clotting factors, or coagulation factors, which are proteins within plasma |
| Normally, the clotting factors are inactive but become activated after | injury |
| Activation is a complex process involving chemical reactions. Some reactions are mediated by ENZYME while others require CALCIUM IONS *************************** | |
| Coagulation is the formation of a | blood clot |
| The result of coagulation is the production of a | gelatinous but robust clot made up of a mesh of fibrin |
| Coagulation Cascade | chemicals called clothing factors (coagulation factors) prompt reactions that activate more coagulation factors |
| The extrinsic pathway is triggered by | trauma of extravascular tissue (outside the blood vessel) |
| The intrinsic pathway begins in the bloodstream and is triggered by | internal damage to the wall of the vessel (inside the blood vessel) |
| Both of these merge into a third pathway, referred to as the | common pathway. |
| The common pathway converts | converts prothrombin into thrombin and fibrinogen into fibrin |
| Extrinsic Pathway- begins when | damage occurs to the surrounding tissues and new signals enter the blood. |
| The actual extrinsic pathway | 1. Damaged cells release FACTOR III (thromboplastin) 2. FACTOR III and Ca release FACTOR VII (proconvertin 3. FACTOR VII and FACTOR III activate FACTOR X FACTOR X activates the common pathway |
| Short version of the extrinsic pathway | III->III+VII complex->X-> Common pathway (3+7=10) |
| Intrinsic Pathway- all factors are present within the | bloodstream |
| The actual intrinsic pathway | 1. FACTOR XII comes into contact with foreign material 2. FACTOR XII sets of a series of chain reactions that in turn activates FACTOR XI 3. FACTOR XI activates FACTOR IX 4. FACTOR IX combines with factor VIII to activate factor X |
| The last step of the intrinsic pathway.... this then activates what? X-> | The common pathway! |
| Short version of the extrinsic pathway | XII->XI->IX->IX + VII complex-> X-> Common pathway (12 -> 11 -> 9 -> 9+8 -> 10) |
| Common pathway- Whats produced to seal off the vessel | FIBRINNNNNN |
| Once factor X has been activated (by either intrinsic or extrinsic pathway), what happens? | the factor V prothrombinase converts prothrombin into activated thrombin |
| Thrombin then converts soluble _________ into insoluble _______ | fibrinogen fibrin strands |
| Reversal of clot The clot must eventually be removed through the process called | fibrinolysis by the enzyme plasmin |
| Additionally, something is released to cause vasodilation | bradykinin is released causing smooth muscles to relax = vasodilation This vasodilation restores local circulation |
| Complete blood count (CBC) is an analysis of blood that provides much useful information CBCs count (5) | 1. RBC count 2. WBC count 3. Differential white blood count 4. Hemoglobin levels 5. Hematocrit measurement |
| Erythrocytosis | The overabundance of RBCs and can be caused by dehydration or cancer of a blood stem cell. This makes blood thicker and harder to pump. Can cause more severe clogging of capillaries and hypertension |
| Anemia | a deficiency of hemoglobin in blood. Can be caused by iron deficiency, folate deficiency, blood loss, or by deficient red bone marrow stem cells |
| Leukocytosis | an elevated WBC count indicated an infections of inflammation |
| Leukemia | a cancer of the red bone marrow in which one or more WBCs are typically elevated |
| HIV is considered to have progressed to AIDS when | the patient's CD4 counter (helper T cells) falls below 200 cells per cubic milliliter of blood. Normal CD4 counts are between 500-1600 |
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liladdoyle