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Evolution
Medicine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ___ increase fitness of heterozygotic ___________ & _____________ show similar trends | 20%, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia |
| Human biology, cultures, and technologies have coevolved; along with pathogens and vectors of disease: this results in what? | differential resistance and susceptibility of pathogens |
| Evolutionary trajectories have been influence by __________ & ______________ | technology; agriculture |
| What changes the influence of public health strategies and policies? | How worried one is for the health of an area |
| Advances in population genetics and evo. bio. facilitates new ________ and _________ | treatments and policy |
| Understanding disease from the perspective of evolution: (7) | 1. flu viruses change by a. genetic assortment 2. virulence affects transmission 3. evolution of swine flue (H1N1) 4. COVID 5. evolution of bactreria and antibiotic resistance 6. evolution of Plasmodium 7. HIV |
| 1. flu viruses change by a. genetic assortment: 1957 virus | H2N2 mingling of H1N1 and avian flu (when livestock and humans in contact) Spread from Guizhou China |
| Why is China a hot spot for spreading virus? | good climate (sometimes humid, warm), highly population, close proximity, close to many animals |
| First worldwide pandemic recorded? | Russian flu in 1889 H2N2 |
| Potential current concern by USDA? | H2N1 avian flu virus has jumped to the milk cattle of US milk supply; in some states 30% of mil is contaminated Wild migratory birds are believed to be source of infection |
| H5N1 strain affected more than _______ million egg-laying chickens last quarter, also includes: | 20; chickens turkeys other poultry |
| 1918 flu pandemic H1N1 ______ flu brought back from Europe by ________ was a human virus of __________ and formerly ____________ flu descent | Swine; GI's; swine; avain flu descent |
| H1N1 killed more people in 24 months that _______ in _______ years. Had a ________ mortality rate | AIDS; 24; .64% total |
| Why was H1N1 harder on younger adults? | Triggered much stronger response; fatal cytokine storm |
| 2. Virulence affects transmission: incapacitating viruses may ______ the victim therefore __________ the disease, the ______ the transmission | isolate; arresting higher mortality, lower |
| True or false: virulence may increase transmission to caregivers spreading the disease? | true |
| 3. evolution of swine flue (H1N1): how were young people affected? | few had existing immunity, but nearly 1/3 of people over age of 60 has antibodies |
| Many viruses can incorperate ready-made genes, making a virus accelerate with other viruses to cause a lethal illness: H1N1 was a __________ flu, normally transmitted between humans. But then person contracts a __________________ used to only be found in ______ | run of the mill; deadly influenza virus; swine The two viruses get together, swap genes and create newly evolved flu A+B= C |
| Different flu strains from different regions can ________________ in a doubly infected person to create new viral strain | recombine gene |
| COVID-19 (aka SARS Co2): what animals could contract COVID? | Humans, bats, raccoons, dogs |
| How was COVID 19 started? (3) | Transmission to human during handling of intermediate: low probability event Transmission human to human: high probability event Gain of function of Wuhan lab following accident suspected |
| What ages may get COVID? | All; 77.8% infected are between 30-69 yo, 51.4% male |
| Human cell receptor site for COVID Is= | ACE2; 11 AA different chickens, 9+10 AA different rodents, 3 AA different in cats (cats may get COVID) |
| See slides for bacterial resistance | |
| 6. evolution of Plasmodium | the Plasmodium has evolved to become resistant to the drugs to heal malaria; would have had to take millions of years |
| 7. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) | one of the fastest evolving entities known |
| What is the binding cite for HIV | CCR5 |
| Evolutionary theory found HIV is closely related to other viruses, what are two examples? | FIV and SIV |
| What may occur with a mutant CCR5-32 allele? | Confers resistance to HIV, 20% of European populations carry at least one copy of protective allele |
| Why do Europeans experience immunity to HIV? | Could be from years of exposure to small pox; small pox use the same receptor cite |
| How do doctors compete with the highly evolving HIV virus within a patient? | "Drug cocktails" that have several drugs taken at the same time If viruses happen to survive the drug and are fit to survive, then resistant virus strains may evolve within patient |
| Why can stopping drugs sometimes actually help? | If resistant and non-resistant are competing, non-resistant typically wins Therefore, if patient stops taking drugs, evo. theory predicts viral load with evolve back towards a non-resistant strain Then resume the drug = may be able to halt replication |
| 7. Evolution and human genetic diseases: treatments usually focus on the __________ and strategies, not _______ ______ that established the disease in the pop | genetic issues; selection pressures |
| examples of genetic diseases | sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer's, diabetes, heart disease |
| Medical ethics and evolution: Many caution against eugenics movement and the instincts of the "compassionate and thoughtful intellectuals" drawn to it What was eugenics? | Eliminating a person with undesired |
| What is a thought of eugenics from a Christian perspective? | Eliminating a person with bad characteristics eliminates the same persons good characteristics what does wanting to elim. bad characteristics tell us about a society? |
| A Darwinian theory of medicine accommodates the fit and healthy very well. What does this do to the medical profession? | ... |
Created by:
llamaandlearning